Glipizide

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Mexico, Germany, United Kingdom

Glipizide is an oral antidiabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It belongs to the class of medications called sulfonylureas, which work by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas to help lower blood sugar levels.

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Lab products found in correlation

22 protocols using glipizide

Pharmacological Modulation of Cellular Pathways

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Citral, metformin (a hypoglycemic drug), naltrexone and naloxone (both opioid receptors blockers), NG-L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)(a NO synthase inhibitor), 1 H-(1,2,4)-oxadiazolo (4,2-a) quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ)(a NO-sensitive soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor), glipizide and glibenclamide (both ATP-sensitive K + channel blockers; K ir 6.1-2), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) (both voltage-gated K + channel blockers; K V ), charybdotoxin (a big conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channel blocker; K Ca 1.1), and apamin (a small conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channel blocker; K Ca 2.1-3) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Toluca, Mexico).
glibenclamide, glipizide and ODQ were dissolved in a 20% DMSO solution. L-NAME, TEA, 4-AP, apamin, charybdotoxin, naloxone, naltrexone and metformin were dissolved in saline solution.

Ortiz M.I., Cariño-Cortés R., Muñoz-Pérez V.M., Medina-Solís C.E, & Castañeda-Hernández G. (2022). Citral inhibits the nociception in the rat formalin test: effect of metformin and blockers of opioid receptor and the NO-cGMP-K⁺ channel pathway. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 100(4).

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Structurally Diverse Glass Former Dataset

Cited 2 times

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A structurally diverse dataset (n = 26), composed of compounds previously classified as glass formers (GFs) when prepared by melt-quenching, solvent evaporation, or spray-drying methods, was included in the study [5 (link),7 (link),8 (link),9 (link),10 (link),18 (link)]. Only compounds supplied in their free crystalline form (i.e., no salts, solvates, hydrates, etc.), as confirmed by DSC analysis, were used.
Metolazone was purchased from API Chemical (Hangzhou, China). Acetaminophen, bezafibrate, clofoctol, chlorpropamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, glibenclamide, glipizide, hydrocortisone, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole, and tinidazole were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Aripiprazole, cinnarizine, clotrimazole, droperidol, d-salicin, fenofibrate, flurbiprofen, hydrochlorothiazide, ibuprofen, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, prednisone, and probucol were obtained from Toronto Research Chemical (Toronto, ON, Canada). Indapamide and procaine were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Acetone was supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), ethanol by Solveco (Rosersberg, Sweden), and phosphorus pentoxide by VWR (Leuven, Belgium). All of the chemicals used in this study were of either pharmaceutical or analytical grade with a specified purity of ≥ 97%.

Edueng K., Bergström C.A., Gråsjö J, & Mahlin D. (2019). Long-Term Physical (In)Stability of Spray-Dried Amorphous Drugs: Relationship with Glass-Forming Ability and Physicochemical Properties. Pharmaceutics, 11(9), 425.

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Glipizide-Eudragit RS100 Polymer Formulation

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Glipizide was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Eudragit RS100 polymer was a gift sample from Evonik Degussa India Private Limited, Mumbai. Dichloromethane, Polyvinyl alcohol and PLA polymer were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Saharan P., Bahmani K, & Saharan S.P. (2019). Preparation, Optimization and in vitro Evaluation of Glipizide Nanoparticles Integrated with Eudragit RS-100. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 7(3), 72-85.

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Affinity Chromatography for Protein Binding

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The polyclonal anti-albumin antibodies (goat, fractionated human antiserum, product A1151), Protein G-Sepharose 4B fast flow (recombinant protein expressed in E. coli), immunoglobulin G (goat, ≥ 95% pure) and HSA (essentially fatty acid free, ≥ 96%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The racemic warfarin (≥ 98%), acetohexamide (99%), gliclazide (≥ 98%), glipizide (˃ 96%), glibenclamide (≥ 99%), and tolbutamide (99.8%) were also acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. The chlorpropamide (≥ 99%) and tolazamide (≥ 99%) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). The Nucleosil Si-300 and Si-1000 silica (7 μm, particle diameter; pore size, 300 or 1000 Å, respectively) were acquired from Macherey-Nagel (Duren, Germany). All buffers and aqueous solutions were prepared using water from a Milli-Q Advantage 10 A Water system and were filtered using 0.2 μm nylon membranes (EMD Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA).

Rodriguez E.L., Tao P., Woolfork A.G., Li Z., Matsuda R., Sun Z, & Hage D.S. (2020). Studies of Binding by Sulfonylureas with Glyoxal- and Methylglyoxal-Modified Albumin by Immunoextraction using Affinity Microcolumns. Journal of chromatography. A, 1638, 461683.

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Preparation and Use of Antidiabetic Drugs

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Tolazamide, glyburide, glipizide and glimepiride were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tolazamide, glyburide, glipizide and glimepiride were prepared following steps: (A) 1 g of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone was dissolved in 0.5 ml of ethanol plus 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol 400. (B) Separately, 100 mg of sodium carboxymethylcellulose was dissolved in 9 ml of distilled water. (C) Finally, Solution (A) and Solution (B) were vigorously mixed. This solution (PEC) excluding Tolazamide, glyburide, glipizide and glimepiride were used as vehicle control. All drugs were prepared just before use. Blood glucose meter, lancing device and strips were purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Accu-Chek Performa, Germany).

Sharma N., Sim Y.B., Park S.H., Lim S.M., Kim S.S., Jung J.S., Hong J.S, & Suh H.W. (2015). Effect of Sulfonylureas Administered Centrally on the Blood Glucose Level in Immobilization Stress Model. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology : Official Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology, 19(3), 197-202.

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Comprehensive Analytical Reagent Protocol

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Ammonium acetate, sodium chloride (NaCl), 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), 2-mercaptoethanol, benzamidine, protease inhibitor cocktail, N-p-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), amino propyl trimethoxy silane (APTS), gluteraldehyde aqueous solution, avidin, N-(+)-Biotinyl-6- aminohexanoic acid (Biotin-X), dipyridamole (DIPY), mesoporphyrin IX (MIX), protoporphyrin IX (PIX), PK-11195 (PK), rotenone (Rot), flunitrazepam (Flu), glipizide, glibenclamide and diclofenac were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA or Munich, Germany), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) and glycerol were obtained from Applichem (Darmstadt, Germany), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was obtained from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain). Dialysis tubing was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Open tubular capillaries (100 μm i.d.) were obtained from Polymicro Technologies (Phoenix, AZ, USA). De-ionized water was obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Molsheim, France). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Habicht K.L., Singh N.S., Indig F.E., Wainer I.W., Moaddel R, & Shimmo R. (2015). The development of mitochondrial membrane affinity chromatography columns for the study of mitochondrial transmembrane proteins. Analytical biochemistry, 484, 154-161.

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Molecular Mechanisms of AMPK Regulation

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Antibodies against pan-AMPKα, phospho-AMPK Thr-172, eNOS, and phospho-eNOS Ser-1177 were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA); anti-AMPKα1 and anti-AMPKα2 antibodies were from Abcam (Cambridge, UK); anti-PARP1 and anti-PAR monoclonal antibodies were from Trevigen (Gaithersburg, MD); anti-β-actin antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-PARP1 Ser-177 antibody was produced with the sequence “ELGFRPEY(pS)ASQ” by AbMax Biotechnology (Beijing, China). Metformin, glipizide, telmisartan, metoprolol, atorvastatin, AICAR, Compound C and PJ34 were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The PARP assay kit was from Trevigen (Gaithersburg, MD). NO detection kit was from Beyotime Biotechnology (Haimen, China).

Shang F., Zhang J., Li Z., Zhang J., Yin Y., Wang Y., Marin T.L., Gongol B., Xiao H., Zhang Y.Y., Chen Z., Shyy J.Y, & Lei T. (2016). Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Metformin and Telmisartan: Reduction of PARP1 Activity via the AMPK-PARP1 Cascade. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0151845.

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Glipizide Dissolution and Cell Lines

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Glipizide was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat. no. G117, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) and dissolved in DMSO to obtain 50 mg/mL stock solutions. Human PC-3, 22Rv1 and DU145 cell lines were presented as a gift by Assistant Professor Bo Wei (the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University).

Qi C., Bin L.i., Yang Y., Yang Y., Li J., Zhou Q., Wen Y., Zeng C., Zheng L., Zhang Q., Li J., He X., Zhou J., Shao C, & Wang L. (2016). Glipizide suppresses prostate cancer progression in the TRAMP model by inhibiting angiogenesis. Scientific Reports, 6, 27819.

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Microfluidic Assay for Insulin Secretion

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INS-1 cells, RPMI 1640 medium and 15% fetal bovine serum were purchased from National Infrastructure of Cell Line Resource, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Penicillin and streptomycin were from Hyclone, USA. Basement membrane extractant (BME) was from R&D Systems, MN, USA. Sodium fluorescein and glipizide were from Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA. Calcein-AM and PI dyes were from Keygen biotech, Nanjing, China. Ultrasensitive Rat Insulin ELISA kit was from Mercodia, Sweden. PDMS prepolymer (Sylgard Silicone elastomer 184) was from Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA. SU8 3035 negative photoresist was from Microchem, Newton, MA, USA.

Luo Y., Zhang X., Li Y., Deng J., Li X., Qu Y., Lu Y., Liu T., Gao Z, & Lin B. (2018). High-glucose 3D INS-1 cell model combined with a microfluidic circular concentration gradient generator for high throughput screening of drugs against type 2 diabetes. RSC Advances, 8(45), 25409-25416.

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Exenatide and Glipizide Administration in Glucose Tolerance Testing

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Commercially available exenatide solution (Byetta, Eli Lilly, Houten, Netherlands) was used. Exenatide was diluted in saline (154 mmol/L NaCl) and injected subcutaneously in a dose of 10 μg/kg. The dose of exenatide was selected according to our previous studies [13 (link), 14 (link)]. Glipizide (Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA) was dissolved in a few drops of DMSO and then diluted to the final concentration using saline. Glipizide was injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 0.6 or 2 mg/kg. In the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, a 20% glucose solution was used (Braun, Melsbungen, Germany) in a dose of 2 g/kg. All injections were carried out in a volume of 10 mL/kg.

Sedman T., Rünkorg K., Krass M., Luuk H., Plaas M., Vasar E, & Volke V. (2016). Exenatide Is an Effective Antihyperglycaemic Agent in a Mouse Model of Wolfram Syndrome 1. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2016, 9239530.

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