In the Catharina Hospital a Philips EPIQ 7 ultrasound system was used with a X5-1 transducer. The iRotate function was used, which made it possible to electronically rotate to the standard apical four, two, and three chamber views. In the Deventer Hospital a GE Vivid E9 ultrasound system was used with a M5S transducer. Standard apical views were recorded by manually rotating the transducer. During echocardiography patients were placed in left lateral position with the sonographer sitting at the right side of the patient. Standard apical views and measurements were first recorded without using the probe stabilizer. Afterwards, the same apical views and measurements were acquired with utilization of the probe stabilizer. During acquisition the sonographer was instructed to position both hands at the ultrasound machine, unless repositioning of the probe was necessary. During both techniques, shoulder abduction and the activity of the right forearm flexor and extensor muscles were recorded. Both the time needed to fixate the probe stabilizer, and to record apical views and measurements were registered.
M5s transducer
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in Norway
The M5S transducer is a medical device used to measure blood pressure and other vital signs. It is designed to be used in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and clinics, to monitor patient's physiological data.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ge vivid e9, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Vivid e9, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Vivid e95 ultrasound system, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Vivid e9 ultrasound system, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
X5 1 transducer, by Philips (1 mentions)
Epiq 7 ultrasound system, by Philips (1 mentions)
Vivid e90, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
9 protocols using m5s transducer
1
Echocardiographic Probe Stabilization Assessment
2
Echocardiographic Imaging Protocols for Ventricle Assessment
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Echo imaging was performed in all study participants in the left decubitus or supine position using a GE vivid E9 equipped with a M5S transducer (frequency 1.8–3.6 MHz; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). In the first instance, two-dimensional (2D) and Doppler images were acquired using the MS5 transducer. To ensure inclusion of the entire left and right ventricles within the pyramidal scan volume, all echo datasets were acquired using the wide-angled full-volume mode over three consecutive cardiac cycles during a single breath-hold. Three datasets were obtained for each patient. Echo recordings and measurements were performed according to the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF)/American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) appropriate use criteria [12] (link). The procedures were performed separately and independently by two cardiologists who were unaware of the assignment of the study.
3
Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Structure
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Echocardiography was acquired using Vivid E9 commercial scanners (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway) equipped with an M5S transducer at a frequency of 1.7–3.4 MHz. The rate of conventional two-dimensional ultrasound images is ≥70 frames/s. Three consecutive cardiac cycles are stored in each section. Several conventional echocardiographic parameters were measured, including interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole (IVSd), left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole (LVPWd), left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), Mitral E velocity, Mitral A velocity, and Mitral annular septal e' velocity. E/A and E/e' ratios were later calculated.
4
Hepatic Venous Doppler Assessment
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The subjects were studied using a Phillips iE33 ultrasound device equipped with an S5-1 transducer operating at 2.5–3.5 MHz or a GE Vivid E9 ultrasound device equipped with an M5S transducer operating at 2.0–4.5 MHz. An electrocardiogram was recorded simultaneously in all subjects.
In all patients who had fasted for 8 hours, a gray-scale B-mode evaluation of the liver was first performed, followed by color and spectral Doppler evaluation, using the intercostal or subcostal approaches. The Doppler gate was placed in non-forced end inspiration so that it would sample the MHV 2–4 cm from the orifice of the IVC [9 (link)]. The Doppler parameters were optimized by following the principles and techniques described in reviews by Scheinfeld et al [9 (link)] and Kruskal et al [10 (link)]. The angle of the ultrasound beam to MHV blood flow was less than 60°. The maximal flow velocity (V) and the velocity time integral (VTI) of ventricular systolic (S, SVTI), ventricular diastolic (D, DVTI) and atrial reversal (A, AVTI) waves were measured. All measurements were performed and averaged on five cardiac cycles to obtain the final results.
In all patients who had fasted for 8 hours, a gray-scale B-mode evaluation of the liver was first performed, followed by color and spectral Doppler evaluation, using the intercostal or subcostal approaches. The Doppler gate was placed in non-forced end inspiration so that it would sample the MHV 2–4 cm from the orifice of the IVC [9 (link)]. The Doppler parameters were optimized by following the principles and techniques described in reviews by Scheinfeld et al [9 (link)] and Kruskal et al [10 (link)]. The angle of the ultrasound beam to MHV blood flow was less than 60°. The maximal flow velocity (V) and the velocity time integral (VTI) of ventricular systolic (S, SVTI), ventricular diastolic (D, DVTI) and atrial reversal (A, AVTI) waves were measured. All measurements were performed and averaged on five cardiac cycles to obtain the final results.
5
Cardiac Volume Measurement Using GE Vivid E9
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The GE Vivid E9 color Doppler ultrasound (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway), M5S transducer (1.5–4.5 MHz), 4V real-time three-dimensional cardiac volume transducer (1.5–4.5 MHz), and EchoPAC analysis software (version 203) were used.
6
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Cardiac Function
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All conventional two‐dimensional and doppler echocardiographic measurements were performed following the guidelines outlined of the American Society of Echocardiography.
14 (link),
15 (link) During the TTE examination, continuous electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring was conducted for all participants. TTE was performed within 12 h before CAG using a Vivid E95 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare) equipped with an M5S transducer (3.5 MHz). Stroke volume (SV) and LVEF (%) were calculated using the modified bi‐plane Simpson method. peak E/A ratio and peak E/e ratio of the mitral valve (MV) were obtained by spectral Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging.
14 (link),
15 (link) During the TTE examination, continuous electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring was conducted for all participants. TTE was performed within 12 h before CAG using a Vivid E95 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare) equipped with an M5S transducer (3.5 MHz). Stroke volume (SV) and LVEF (%) were calculated using the modified bi‐plane Simpson method. peak E/A ratio and peak E/e ratio of the mitral valve (MV) were obtained by spectral Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging.
7
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Patients
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All patients underwent complete 2D and Doppler echocardiographic examinations according to American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) recommendations[14 (link)] using a Vivid E9 Digital Ultrasound System (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway) equipped with a M5S transducer with a frequency of 1.7 to 3.4 MHz. Image loops were acquired 1 or 2 days before the surgery and a week after the surgery. Two-dimensional recordings were collected with frame rates ranging from 50 to 80 frames/s during a brief breath hold. Three consecutive cardiac cycles were recorded for further image analysis.
8
Echocardiographic Assessment of Tricuspid Regurgitation
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Transthoracic echocardiography was performed using a Vivid E95 ultrasound system (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway) equipped with an M5S transducer.
Color Doppler imaging was used to assess severity of the TR, and the transvalvular gradient was measured using continuous‐wave Doppler. Quantification of TR severity was done in accordance with guidelines using the proximal isovelocity surface area method and estimation of TR jet area/RA area [9 (link)].
The echocardiographic data were blinded to invasive measurements and clinical status and examined by a single investigator. Data were analyzed offline using dedicated software (EchoPAC version 213, GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway).
Color Doppler imaging was used to assess severity of the TR, and the transvalvular gradient was measured using continuous‐wave Doppler. Quantification of TR severity was done in accordance with guidelines using the proximal isovelocity surface area method and estimation of TR jet area/RA area [9 (link)].
The echocardiographic data were blinded to invasive measurements and clinical status and examined by a single investigator. Data were analyzed offline using dedicated software (EchoPAC version 213, GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway).
9
Echocardiographic Assessment of Diastolic Function
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Echocardiography was performed using Vivid E90 equipment (GE Healthcare) with the M5s transducer (frequency, 1.5-4.5 MHz). The peak velocities of E and A waves across the mitral valve in diastole were acquired by pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. Mitral valve annulus velocity (e') was measured by tissue Doppler imaging. The mean value of the septal and lateral e' velocity was used to calculate the E/e' ratio (Fig. 2 ). The left atrial maximum volume indexed to body surface area (LAv, ml/m2) was measured from apical four- and apical two-chamber views with the area-length method (Fig. 3 ). Body surface area (BSA) was calculated with the formula of Dubois and Dubois: BSA (m2)=[weight (Kg)0.425 x height (cm)0.725] x 0.007184. Continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography was adopted to measure the systolic regurgitation velocity of the tricuspid valve (TRv) (Fig. 4 ). All parameters were measured 3 times and the mean value was calculated. E/e' >14, LAv >34 ml/m2 or TRv >2.8 m/sec were considered as indicators of abnormal LV diastolic function. LV diastolic dysfunction was diagnosed if at least two of the abovementioned indicators were positive, according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (12 (link)).
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