A001 1 1

Thirty adult thrips were transferred into 2 mL centrifuge tubes. Then 800 μL of 0.4% normal saline was added and homogenized in an ice bath with a tissue grinder. After centrifugation at 2,500 r/min for 10 min, the supernatant was prepared as a coarse enzyme solution. The prepared enzyme solution was stored in the refrigerator at 4°C and used within 24 h. Determination of the protein content of the enzyme solution was the same as coomassie brilliant blue G-250 staining described above.
The antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and POD) were examined using commercially available assay kits (A001-1-1, A007-1-1, A084-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) following the manufacturer’s protocols, and according to the method of Shi et al. (2013) (link). The specific calculation formulas of enzyme activity were as follows:
Catalase was determined spectrophotometrically at 405 nm by measuring the decrease of H₂O₂ due to H₂O₂ decomposition. CAT activities were defined as the amount that decomposes 1 μmol of H₂O₂ per second per mg protein (U mg^–1 protein). POD activity was determined at 420 nm by catalyzing the oxidation of a substrate in the presence of H₂O₂. One unit of POD activity was defined as the amount that catalyzes 1 μg substrate per minute per mg protein (U mg^–1 protein) (Jia et al., 2011 (link); Chen et al., 2018 (link)).

Cultured SWFs were collected and homogenized with PBS. Subsequently, centrifugation was performed at 800 rpm at 4 °C for 10 min, and the supernatant was aspirated to obtain a 10% tissue homogenate. The tissue homogenate was used to measure oxidation parameters and determine total protein concentration. The activity of CAT (A00171-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) and T-SOD (A001-1-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), full antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (A015-3-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), the concentrations of MDA (A003-1-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), GSH (A006-2-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) (A064-1-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), and total protein concentration were determined using kits (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Additionally, the cultured SWFs were homogenized in boiling water, heated in boiling water for 10 min, and then subjected to centrifugation. The ATP level was determined by an ATP assay kit (A095-1-1, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China), following the instructions provided by the manufacturer.