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Inos and cox 2

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INOS and COX-2 are enzymes involved in the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandins, respectively. INOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to nitric oxide, which plays a role in various physiological and pathological processes. COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) is an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in inflammation and pain response. These enzymes are commonly studied in the context of cellular signaling and regulation.

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3 protocols using inos and cox 2

1

Myricetin Modulates Inflammation Signaling

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Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), penicillin-streptomycin, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), LPS, nitric oxide and myricetin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rabbit PGE2 and phosphoTracer ERK1/2 (pT202/Y204), p38 MAPK (pT180/Y182), and JNK1/2/3 (pT183/Y185) ELISA kits were purchased from Abcam (ab119674, Cambridge, UK). TNF-α and IL-1β were obtained from R&D systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). iNOS and COX-2 were obtained from cell signaling (Beverly, MA, USA). Rabbit anti-Ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) was obtained from Wako Pure (019-19741, Tokyo, Japan). Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit antibody and avidin-biotin complex (ABC) were purchased from Vector Laboratories, Inc. (Burlingame, CA, USA). All other reagents used were of guaranteed or analytical grade.
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2

Immunomodulatory Effects of Kaempferol

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MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), kaempferol, and Griess reagent were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Specific antibodies IκBα, p-IκBα, p65, and p-p65, and iNOS and Cox-2 were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (MA, USA). ELISA kit was arranged from R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Recombinant rat interleukin-1β was procured from PeproTech (NJ, USA). All chemicals used were reagent grade. The animal experiment protocol was duly approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee of Xiangyang Hospital Affiliation to Hubei University of Medicine (Hubei, China).
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3

Western Blot Analysis of iNOS and COX-2

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Approximately 3 × 10 5 cells were seeded in six-well plates. The cells were cultured and treated as aforementioned. The RAW 264.7 cells were washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and then lysed with CHAPS (Amresco) plus protease inhibitors. Aliquots containing 30 μg proteins from each sample were run on a 10% sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel. After running the gel, the proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Sartorius, Germany) and then, the blots were blocked with Tris buffered salinea plus 5% nonfat dry milk and 0.05% Tween-20 for 1 hr. Subsequently, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies (iNOS and COX-2; Cell Signaling) and α-tubulin (Cell Signaling) at 1:500 and 1:1,000, respectively. Later, the blots were incubated with secondary antibodies containing peroxidase-conjugated (1:2,000) for 1 hr at room temperature. The blots were analyzed by chemiluminescence, and digital images were caught using a luminescent image analyzer, Carestream Gel Logic 2200 PRO Imaging System. The total expression was evaluated in Image Studio Lite software (LI-COR) and, α-tubulin was used for normalization of quantitative densitometry values (de Mesquita et al., 2017; (link)Tripathi et al., 2018) (link).
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