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5 protocols using alginate

1

Barium Sulfate-Alginate Microparticle Synthesis

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As previously described (5 (link),6 (link)), Barium sulfate (BaSO4) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline was sonicated for 15 minutes, followed by mixing with alginate (FMC BioPolymer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) to yield a solution of 10% BaSO4 in 1% alginate. The BaSO4-alginate solution, calcified oleic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri), and calcium chloride (7%) solution were then introduced in separate channels of the device. The XEMs were generated by side-shearing the extruded barium-alginate from the pseudo–check valve into the calcified oil, where cross-linking was initiated.
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2

Alginate Encapsulation of BMSCs

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BMSCs were cultured until 80–85% confluent, detached with trypsin-EDTA, and suspended in BMSC medium. The cell suspension was mixed at a 1:1 v/v ratio with 1% alginate (FMC Biopolymer) in PBS, to form a solution of 0.5% alginate and 40, 60, or 100 × 106 cells/ml.
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3

Biopolymer-Based Hydrogel Preparation

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Chitosan (296.6 kDa of molar mass) was obtained from Polymer (São Paulo, Brazil). Alginate (150–170 Da of molecular mass) was obtained from FMC Biopolymer (Philadelphia, PA, USA). Xanthan gum was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Deisenhofen, Germany). Double distilled water was used after filtration in a Millipore® system (home supplied). All other reagents were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich (Sintra, Portugal).
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4

Alginate-Based Biomaterial Synthesis

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Alginate (MW ≈ 250000 g mol−1) was obtained from FMC Biopolymer. Cellulose filter was purchased from Millipore Inc. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), bovine serum albumin (BSA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, MW = 9000−10000), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), fluorescein amine, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate, rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC), and L-glutamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. PLGA (lactic:glycolic = 50:50, MW = 6000−10000 g mol−1) was purchased from LACTEL. H2O2 (30% solution) was purchased from Macron Fine Chemicals. 1-Ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride, Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit, Pierce Quantitative Peroxide Assay Kit, CellROX Green, propidium iodide, and Penicillin-Streptomycin were purchased from Thermo Scientific.
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5

Integrin-Binding Alginate Hydrogel Synthesis

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Sodium alginate with ≈240 kDa molecular weight (LF200) was purchased from FMC Biopolymer. To enable cell adhesion to alginate, an integrin‐binding peptide consisting of Arg‐Gly‐Asp (GGGGRGDSP; Peptide 2.0) or a CD44‐binding peptide A5G27 (RLVSYNGIIFFLK; Peptide 2.0) was covalently conjugated to alginate by 1‐ethyl‐dimethylaminopropyl (EDC) and N‐hydroxy sulfosuccinimide (NHS) (Sigma) chemistry with a degree of substitution of ≈20 as described previously.[25] After conjugation, alginate was dialyzed against decreasing concentrations of NaCl, charcoal‐treated, filter‐sterilized, and lyophilized. Lyophilized alginate was stored in −20 °C and dissolved in DMEM within one week prior to experiments. To visualize alginate gels, a small amount (final w/v = 0.05%) of 10/60 alginate (≈120 kDa; FMC Biopolymer) coupled with Lissamine rhodamine B ethylenediamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was added prior to gel formation.
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