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9 protocols using ctnnb1

1

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation in Embryonic Neural Tissues

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For each experiment, chromatin was isolated from 20 cranial neural folds dissected from HH8-9 embryos or 10 anterior neural plate border regions from HH5 embryos. Immunoprecipitation was performed as described [33 (link)], using the H3K27Ac (Abcam, #ab177178), TFAP2A (DSHB #3B5), LEF1 (Millipore, #17–604), CTNNB1 (BD Biosciences, #610154), TCF7 (Cell Signaling, #C63D9), TCF7L1 (Cell Signaling, #D15G11) and TCF7L2 (Cell Signaling, #C48H11) antibodies and normal mouse IgGs (Millipore, #17–604) as controls. In WNT dominant negative assays, HH4 embryos were electroporated with a WNT dominant negative construct [16 (link)] and at stages HH8-9, cranial neural folds were dissected and processed as described above. The primers used for qPCR quantification are described in S5 Table.
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Diverse Cellular Proteins

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Cell lysates were generated with PBS/1% NP40 buffer supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma Cat. No. S8820). Protein sample loading buffer was added to cell lysates and proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE (BioRad Criterion TGX Precast Gel). The following primary antibodies were used for immunoblotting at the indicated dilutions: Cell Signaling Technology: AXIN1 (2087 and 2074; 1:1000), BAP1 (13271; 1:1000), BCL2L2 (2724; 1:1000), LRP6 (2560; 1:1000), PTEN (9552; 1:1000), RICTOR (9476; 1:1000), SIRT1 (2493; 1:1000), TBK1 (3504; 1:1000), TLE3 (4681; 1:1000), LKB1 (3050; 1:1000), SUFU (2520; 1:1000), LRP5 (5731; 1:1000). Bethyl Laboratories: BAP1 (A302-243A-T; 1:1000), RICTOR (A300-459A; 1:1000), SIRT1 (A300-688A; 1:1000), TOP1 (A302-589A and 302-590A; 1:1000), VPS35 (A304-727A; 1:1000). Abcam: TBK1 (40676; 1:1000), PPM1A (14824; 1:1000), SUFU (52913; 1:1000). Santa Cruz Biotechnologies: LRP6 (sc-25317; 1:1000), TLE3 (sc-9124; 1:1000), LKB1 (sc-374334; 1:1000), LRP5 (sc-390267; 1:1000). LS BioScience: BCL2L2 (LS-C382259-100; 1:1000), PPM1A (LS-C169090-100; 1:1000). Sigma-Aldrich: CTNNB1 (C2206; 1:1000). Invitrogen: PTEN (44-1064; 1:1000). BD Biosciences: CTNNB1 (610153; 1:1000). Genetex: VPS35 (GTC108058; 1:1000).
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3

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation for Wnt Signaling

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For each experiment, chromatin was isolated from 16 cranial neural folds dissected from HH8-9 embryos in Ringer’s solution. Immunoprecipitation was performed as described (Simões-Costa et al., 2014 (link)) using the Lef1 (Millipore, #17–604) and Ctnnb1 (BD Biosciences, #610154) antibodies and normal mouse IgGs (Millipore, #17–604) as controls. In Wnt dominant negative assays, HH5 embryos were electroporated with a Wnt dominant negative construct (García-Castro et al., 2002 (link)); at stages HH8-9, cranial neural folds were dissected. Chromatin isolation and immunoprecipitation were performed as previously described (García-Castro et al., 2002 (link)).
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4

Immunoblotting of Cell Signaling Proteins

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Cells were lysed in RIPA+ buffer and protein concentrations were analyzed by the BCA kit (Thermo Scientific). Fifteen micrograms of total proteins was resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE gel, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and blotted for SMAD2/3 (1:1,000; rabbit IgG, Cell Signaling Technology #8685), CTNNB1 (1:1,000; mouse IgG, BD Biosciences 610154), GAPDH (1:2,000; rabbit IgG, Santa Cruz Biotechnology SC25778), TP53 (1:1,000; rabbit IgG, Santa Cruz SC6243). The secondary antibodies were purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch.
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Testicular and Epididymal Tissues

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Freshly dissected testicular/epididymal tissues were fixed in Bouin’s fixative (H&E, IF) or 4% paraformaldehyde (TUNEL) overnight at 4 °C, and processed for paraffin embedding following routine procedures. IF and TUNEL assays were performed as described previously [11 (link)]. The antibodies and dilutions used were: 1:100 for CUL4B (#20882-1-AP, Proteintech Group, Chicago, IL, USA) and CUL4A (#IHC-00145, Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, TX, USA); 1:200 for AR (#sc-816, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, SCBT, Dallas, TX, USA) and SCP3 (#sc-74569, SCBT); 1:500 for VASA (#8761, Cell Signaling Technology, CST, Danvers, MA, USA), CTNNB1 (#610154, BD Biosciences), pS6S235/236 (#2211, CST), pS6S240/244 (#2215, CST), and CLDN11 (#36–4500, ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA); 1:1000 for Alexa 594 goat anti-rabbit, Alexa 488 goat anti-mouse and Alexa 488-conjugated lectin PNA (ThermoFisher). IF images were captured under a Zeiss AxioSkop 2 fluorescent microscope. Confocal microscopy was imaged on Zeiss LSM 880 Airyscan at the Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging.
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6

Immunostaining of Paraffin-Embedded Tissues

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Tissue samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and embedded in paraffin. In some cases, frozen sections were made. Immunohistochemistry was performed as previously described 31 (link). For immunofluorescence staining, transfected cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) at 37C or 15min, followed by blocking with 5% BSA/0.25% Triton in PBS for 1h. Primary antibodies used: Cyp2e1 (Abcam, ab28146), Ctnnb1 (BD Transduction Laboratories #610154), Aurora B (Abcam ab2254), alpha-Tubulin (CST #3873). For immunohistochemistry, detection was performed with the Elite ABC Kit and DAB Substrate (Vector Laboratories), followed by Hematoxylin Solution counterstaining (Sigma). Images were taken by an Olympus IX83 microscope. H&E staining and trichrome staining were performed by the UTSW Histo Pathology Core Facility or the UTSW Tissue Procurement Service. H&E slides were interpreted by P.G., a clinical pathologist with expertise in human liver cancer.
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7

Quantitative Western Blot Analysis

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Western blotting was performed as previously described 24 . Briefly, 30-60 μg proteins were resolved on 10-12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-Rad). Membranes were blocked (milk 5%) then incubated in primary and secondary antibodies. Band intensity was determined and quantified using an Odyssey IR scanner (Li-Cor Biosciences). βactin (1:15000; mouse monoclonal; Sigma #A5316) was used as internal control. The following antibodies were used: Ctnnb1 (1:2000, mouse monoclonal; BD Transduction Laboratories #610153); and goat anti-mouse (IRDye 680 nm, 1:10,000; Li-Cor Biosciences). Samples from different groups were processed on the same blots. Data are expressed as percent relative to controls.
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8

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Assay

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Crosslinking was performed in 1% paraformaldehyde (15 min, room temperature) and stopped with 0.125 M glycine (5 min). Cells were lysed in PBS containing phosphatase inhibitor mix (PI, Sigma-Aldrich) and 1 mM PMSF, and the pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of ChIP sonication buffer (50 mM HEPES [pH 7.9], 140 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS) also containing PI and PMSF. DNA was sheared by sonication (10 rounds of [10 × 0.5 s on, 0.6 s off, 27% amplitude]) and a sample was used for determining fragment size. DNA (50 μg) was then used for two rounds of immunoprecipitation (round 1: FOXO3a [Santa Cruz, sc-11351]; round 2: CTNNB1 [BD Transduction Laboratories, 610154]), protein was digested using proteinase K, and the resulting sample was used for PCR analysis as described above with primers as listed in Table S2.
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9

Comprehensive Antibody Panel for Cell-Cell Adhesion

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Mouse anti-β-catenin (CTNNB1, BD transduction laboratories, #610154), rabbit anti-α-catenin (CTNNA1, Sigma, #C2081), mouse anti-E-cadherin (CDH1, BD transduction laboratories, #610182), mouse anti-phospho-Tyr 4G10 (Millipore, #05-1050), rabbit anti-β-catenin phospho-Tyr142 (Abcam, #ab27798), anti-GM130 (BD transduction laboratories, #610823), rabbit anti-ARVCF (Bethyl Laboratories, #A303-310A), rabbit anti-CDH4 (Sigma, #HPA015613), rabbit anti-ERBB2IP (Sigma, #HPA048606), rabbit anti-PKP4 (Abcam, #ab128638), rabbit anti-PLEKHA6 (Sigma, #HPA028152), rabbit anti-PPP6C (Abcam, #ab70634), rabbit anti-PPP6R3 (Abcam, #ab72034), rabbit anti-HA (Cell signaling technologies, #3724), rabbit anti-TJP2 (ZO-2; Cell signaling technologies, #2847), mouse anti-JUP (Invitrogen, #12-8500), mouse anti-DSG2 (Sigma, #SAB4200466), mouse anti-p-cadherin (CDH3, BD biosciences, #610227), rabbit anti-DSG3(Abcam, #ab128927), mouse anti-PHB (NeoMarkers, #MS-261-PO), Rabbit anti-ITGB4 (Cell signaling technologies, #4707), mouse anti-Integrin β1 (BD biosciences, #552828). A polyclonal antibody against the peptide “NH2-RRLRPGSIETYEQEK-Cys” was generated to detect DUSP23 (Pacific Immunology) and validated using DUSP23 over-expression and knockdown lysates.
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