Vertex 70 instrument

The pH value of muskeg soils was characterized by using a digital pH meter (HQ411d Benchtop pH/mV Meter) equipped with a glass electrode probe. A standard procedure for calibrating pH meters was implemented by plotting the measured potential as a function of pH. The morphological characteristics of the muskeg specimens before and after modification were evaluated using a Leica EZ4 stereomicroscope equipped with KL 1500 LCD and a FEI Quanta 600 field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) equipped with a conventional Everhart-Thornley detector, back-scattered electron detector, and IR-CCD chamber camera. An accelerating voltage of 10–20 kV was used to image the muskeg. The chemical composition of muskeg was evaluated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) using an Oxford Instruments silicon drift detector. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were obtained using a Bruker VERTEX 70 instrument in the range of 4000–500 cm⁻¹ with a spectral resolution of 4 cm⁻¹.

Optical rotations were determined with an AUTOPOL IV-T Automatic polarimeter. The UV and ECD spectra and FT-IR spectra were measured using a Varian Cary 50 instrument or LabRAM HR800 instrument, a JASCO-810 ECD spectrometer, and a Bruker Vertex 70 instrument, respectively. The NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AM-400 spectrometer. The ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shifts were referenced to the solvent or solvent impurity peaks for CD₃OD (δ_H 3.31 and δ_C 49.0) and DMSO-d₆ (δ_H 2.50 and δ_C 39.5). HRESIMS data were obtained in the positive ion mode on a Thermo Fisher LTQ XL spectrometer. Semipreparative HPLC was carried out using a Dionex HPLC system equipped with an Ultimate 3000 pump, an Ultimate 3000 autosampler injector, and an Ultimate 3000 DAD detector controlled by Chromeleon software (version 6.80), using a reversed-phase C₁₈ column (5 μm, 10 × 250 mm, Welch Ultimate XB-C₁₈). Column chromatography (CC) was performed using silica gel (100–200 and 200–300 mesh; Qingdao Marine Chemical Inc., China), ODS (50 μm, Merck, Germany), and Sephadex LH-20 (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Sweden). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (Yantai Chemical Industry Research Institute) and RP-C₁₈ F₂₅₄ plates (Merck, Germany).

To verify whether Lipm was successfully incorporated into Cm, FRET assay was conducted to verify membrane integration as previously described [41 ]. Briefly, Cm was labeled with DOPE-RhB (excitation/emission = 560/583 nm) and C6-NBD (excitation/emission = 460/534 nm). Lipm was then added to the dye-labeled Cm at different weight ratios (5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 0:1) for hydration, sonicated in an ice bath for 3 min, and then extruded through 0.2 and 0.1 μm polycarbonate membranes. The fluorescence spectrum of the dye-labeled CLip was recorded in the range of 500 to 650 nm at an excitation wavelength of 470 nm. The fluorescence recovery of the donor (C6-NBD) was used to observe the membrane fusion. FTIR spectroscopic analysis of the lyophilized CLip samples was conducted using a VERTEX 70 instrument (Bruker, Bremen, Germany).