Glut9

Mannuronate oligosaccharides (MOS) were purchased from Qingdao BZ Oligo Biotech Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, China). Potassium oxonate (PO), allopurinol, 0.5% Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) solution, vancomycin, ampicillin, metronidazole, neomycin, 2-ethylbutyric acid, acetic acid (Ace), propionic acid (Pro), butyric acid (But), isobutyric acid (Isobut), valeric acid (Val) and isovaleric acid (Isoval) were purchased from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Animal feeds were purchased from Trophic Animal Feed High-Tech Co., Ltd. (Nantong, China). Serum uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) assay kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Elisa kits for interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) were purchased from Suzhou Calvin Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China). The primers XOD, ADA, GLUT9, and URAT1 were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Protein antibodies URAT1, GLUT9, and ABCG2 were purchased from ABclonal Technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). All other chemicals and reagents used were of analytical quality.

Xanthine oxidase (XOD, EC 1.1.3.22) from cow milk (1 unit/mg protein), potassium oxonate (PO) and hypoXanthine (HX) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, United States). Xanthine was obtained from Dalian Meilun Biotech Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). Allopurinol was obtained from Hebei Bailing Weichao Fine Materials Co., Ltd. (Langfang, China). Febuxostat (Feb) was bought from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). BBR and DHB (Figure 1) were obtained from Chengdu HerbPurity CO., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Assay kits for determination of SUA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, XOD and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Institute (Nanjing, China). Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent commercial cytokine assay kits for murine TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 were purchased from Shanghai Chengshao Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Mouse primers for ASC, caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β, URAT1, GLUT9 and XOD were purchased from Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Antibodies against NLRP3, ASC, IL-1β, and caspase-1 were obtained from Affinity Biosciences (Cincinnati, OH, United States). Anti-URAT1. anti-GLUT9 and anti-GAPDH were purchased from Proteintech Group, Inc. (Wuhan, China), and anti-XOD was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, United States).