Titanium(IV) oxide (nanopowder, 21 nm particle size by transmission electron microscopy, 80–90% anatase polyform with small percentage of rutile polyform) and rhodamine 6G were purchased from Sigma Aldrich.[30 ] Commercial ABS filament was purchased from Octave Systems (natural color, 1.75 mm width). HPLC-grade water, dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetone were purchased from BDH. ABS pellets (Resin: GPA 100, Color #: NC010, Color: Natural, Lot #: C14-0702K) was acquired from LTL Color Compounders, Inc. LiBr was purchased from Acros.
Hplc grade water
Manufactured by BD
Sourced in France, United Kingdom
HPLC-grade water is a high-purity, ultra-filtered water used in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and other analytical techniques. It is designed to meet the stringent requirements of HPLC applications, providing a consistent, contaminant-free solvent for reliable and reproducible results.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Titanium 4 oxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rhodamine 6g, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetone, by BD (1 mentions)
Chemstation software for lc, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Agilent 1100, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Trifluoroacetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trans ferulic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by BD (1 mentions)
Atomic force microscopy, by Veeco (1 mentions)
4 protocols using hplc grade water
1
Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles
2
HPLC Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
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Extracted phenolic compounds were analyzed by the method of Ayala-Soto et al. (24 (link)) and adjusted by Zavala-López and García-Lara (23 (link)) using a HPLC system (Agilent 1100 Santa Clara, CA) coupled with a photodiode array (PDA) detector (Agilent G1315D, Santa Clara, CA). Linear gradient elution was performed using HPLC-grade water (CAS: 7732-18-5, BDH, West Chester, PA) acidified (pH = 2) with trifluoroacetic acid (CAS: 76-05-1, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and acetonitrile (CAS: 75-05-8, BDH, West Chester, PA), at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min at 25°C. Phenolic compounds were separated with a Zorbax SB-Aq, 4.6 mm ID × 150 mm (3.5 um) reverse phase column. The Chemstation software (for LC Copyright© Agilent Technologies, 1990–2003) was used to process the data and command the equipment. Peak identification of trans-ferulic acid (CAS: 537-98-4, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and p-coumaric acid (CAS: 501-98-4, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was based on retention time and absorption spectra of these standards. Identification of diferulic acids was performed according to retention times and absorption spectra reported by Ayala-Soto et al. (24 (link)) and expressed as equivalents of ferulic acid.
3
Characterization of Surface Topography and Wettability
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The surfaces were characterised in terms of their topography and wettability according to Verran et al. [22 (link)]. Atomic force microscopy (Veeco, St Ives, UK) was operated in contact mode to characterise the topography of the surfaces. Silicon nitride tips with a spring constant of 0.12 N/m were used. The RMS values (defined as the square root of the mean square) were derived from replicate readings (n = 3). Contact angle measurements were taken using the sessile drop technique with 5 µL of water (Kruss Goniometer, Toulouse, France) using HPLC-grade water (BDH, Poole, UK) (n = 5).
4
Contact Angle and Surface Energy Measurements
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Contact angles (𝜃) using HPLC grade water (BDH, UK), ethylene glycol or dioodomethane (Alfa Aesar, USA) were measured with a MobileDrop goniometer (Krüss GMBH, Germany).
Both advancing and receding angles were determined, with five measurements of each chemical on each sample taken (n = 10). Fresh coupons were used for each solvent to ensure there was no cross contamination of solvents on the surfaces. The method of Van Oss et al. 21 was used for calculating the surface energy (𝛾 𝑠 𝑆𝐸 ) of the films from these measurements, according to the following equation:
where the subscripts s and l denote the surface energy of the solid and liquid respectively. The superscript LW denotes the Lifshitz-van der Waals components of the surface energy, and the superscripts A and B denote the Lewis acid and Lewis base parameters of the surface energy.
The acid and base terms can be combined into the Lewis acid base (superscript AB) component of the surface energy:
Subsequently the overall surface energy was calculated as the sum of the Lifshitz-van der Waals and Lewis acid base components:
The components of the surface energy were then used to assess the hydrophobicity, or Gibbs free energy of attraction between the surface and liquid (surface energies are denoted by subscript w), and were calculated using the following 22 :
Both advancing and receding angles were determined, with five measurements of each chemical on each sample taken (n = 10). Fresh coupons were used for each solvent to ensure there was no cross contamination of solvents on the surfaces. The method of Van Oss et al. 21 was used for calculating the surface energy (𝛾 𝑠 𝑆𝐸 ) of the films from these measurements, according to the following equation:
where the subscripts s and l denote the surface energy of the solid and liquid respectively. The superscript LW denotes the Lifshitz-van der Waals components of the surface energy, and the superscripts A and B denote the Lewis acid and Lewis base parameters of the surface energy.
The acid and base terms can be combined into the Lewis acid base (superscript AB) component of the surface energy:
Subsequently the overall surface energy was calculated as the sum of the Lifshitz-van der Waals and Lewis acid base components:
The components of the surface energy were then used to assess the hydrophobicity, or Gibbs free energy of attraction between the surface and liquid (surface energies are denoted by subscript w), and were calculated using the following 22 :
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