1 4 dioxane

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in Belgium, United Kingdom, United States, Germany

1,4-dioxane is a colorless, flammable liquid commonly used as a solvent and chemical intermediate. It has a characteristic sweet odor. The product specification and quality control parameters are maintained to ensure consistent performance in laboratory and industrial applications.

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Dioxane (7 citations) Anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (3 citations)

42 protocols using 1 4 dioxane

Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Polymers

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N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm), chlorodimethylsilane, methylmethacryloyl chloride, allyl bromide, 4-hydroxybenzophenonone, Pd/C, and magnesium sulfate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA, and were used without further purification. 1,4-Dioxane, diethyl ether, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), petroleum ether, n-hexane, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, methanol, and acetone were purchased from Fisher-Scientific, USA. Water used for swelling experiment was from Milli-Q-purification system with the product resistivity of 10–15 MΩ·cm (Millipore, Boston, MA). Silicon wafers (orientation [100], thickness 0.5 mm, and diameter 100 mm) were purchased from Silicon Valley Microelectronics.

Pandiyarajan C.K., Rubinstein M, & Genzer J. (2016). Surface-Anchored Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Orthogonal Gradient Networks. Macromolecules, 49(14), 5076-5083.

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Synthesis of Xanthate-Functional Polymers

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N-Vinylpyrrolidone (≥97% FLUCA, Bucharest, Romania) containing sodium hydroxide as inhibitor was dried overnight over calcium hydride and was distilled prior to use. Isobornyl methacrylate (TCI Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan) stabilized with methyl hydroquinone, was dried as well over calcium hydride overnight and then passed through a MEHQ inhibitor remover column. Azobisisobutyronitrile AIBN (98% ACROS Chemicals, Gotëborg, Sweden) was purified by recrystallization twice from methanol and was then dried under vacuum. The chain transfer agent [(O-ethylxanthyl)methyl]benzene was synthesized according to the literature [40 (link)]. Chloroform-d (Acros Organics, Gotëborg, Sweden) was used as purchased. 1,4-dioxane (Fisher Chemicals, Loughborough, UK) was passed through a basic alumina (Al₂CO₃) column.

Kokkorogianni O., Kontoes-Georgoudakis P., Athanasopoulou M., Polizos N, & Pitsikalis M. (2021). Statistical Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Isobornyl Methacrylate via Free Radical and RAFT Polymerization: Monomer Reactivity Ratios, Thermal Properties, and Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition. Polymers, 13(5), 778.

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Analytical Quantification of Adducts

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All chemicals were ACS grade or higher, purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO): styrene (substrate), styrene oxide (product), styrene glycol (product), benzyl alcohol (internal standard), acetaminophen (substrate), and 2-acetoamidophenol (internal standard). Barium hydroxide, zinc sulfate, 1,4-dioxane, HPLC grade methanol and HPLC grade acetonitrile were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, MA. The acetaminophen-glutathione (APAP-GSH) and acetaminophen-cysteine (APAP-cys) adducts were synthesized in-house. For purification of adducts, solid-phase extraction Oasis MAX columns were obtained from Waters Corp. (Milford, MA). NAPQI solid was provided as a generous gift from Drs. Dean Roberts and Laura James at Arkansas Children’s Hospital (Little Rock, AR).

Hartman J.H., Letzig L.G., Robertsc D.W., James L.P., Fifer E.K, & Miller G.P. (2015). Cooperativity in CYP2E1 Metabolism of Acetaminophen and Styrene Mixtures. Biochemical pharmacology, 97(3), 341-349.

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Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds using Diverse Reagents

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Acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, dichloromethane, methanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, and 1,4-dioxane were purchased from Fisher chemicals. 1-ethynyl-4-fluorobenzene and 1,3,5-tri-(4-aminophenyl)benzene were purchased from TCI. 1-ethynyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene as purchased from 1Click Chemistry Stock Products. Methyl 4-ethynyl benzoate was purchased from AK scientific. 2,5-Dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde were purchased from Carbosynth chemicals. 2,4-diphenyl-quinoline were purchased from EnamineStore. Phenylacetylene, 4-ethynyl benzonitrile, boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, triethylamine were purchased from Alfa Aesar chemicals. Chloranil, triflic acid, 1,3,5-triformylbenzene, benzidine, mesitylene, o-dichlorobenzene, n-butanol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich chemicals.

Li X., Zhang C., Cai S., Lei X., Altoe V., Hong F., Urban J.J., Ciston J., Chan E.M, & Liu Y. (2018). Facile transformation of imine covalent organic frameworks into ultrastable crystalline porous aromatic frameworks. Nature Communications, 9, 2998.

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Bovine Gelatin-Based Biopolymer Synthesis

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Gelatin type B (from bovine skin, 225 Bloom), (2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid) hydrate (MES), N-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS), and cyclo hexane were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis MO, United States). Deferoxamine mesylate was purchased from Abcam (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, United States). Ethanol, 1, 4-dioxane, and hexane were purchased from Fisher Scientific (New Jersey, United States). 1-Ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl) carbodiimide HCl (EDC) was purchased from Thermal Scientific (Rockford, United States).

Yao Q., Liu Y., Tao J., Baumgarten K.M, & Sun H. (2016). Hypoxia-Mimicking Nanofibrous Scaffolds Promote Endogenous Bone Regeneration. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 8(47), 32450-32459.

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Functionalization of Thiol-Containing Compounds

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Dithiobis
(succinimidyl propionate) (DSP,
>95%), ethylamine hydrochloride, 1,4-dioxane, and borate buffer
(50
mM, pH 8.50) were obtained from Fisher Scientific; 200 proof ethanol
from AAPER Pharmaco; potassium bromide (KBr, 99+%, IR grade) and tetramethylammonium
chloride (TMAC, >98%) from Acros Organics; N-(benzoyloxy)
succinimide (NBS) and gold shot (99.995%) from Alfa Aesar; and 1-octadecane-d₃₇-thiol from C/D/N Isotopes. 1,4-dioxane was
dried over molecular sieves (EMD) prior to use. All other chemicals
were used as received. Aqueous solutions were prepared using water
purified by passage through a Barnstead water polishing system to
obtain water at a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ.

Lim C.Y., Owens N.A., Wampler R.D., Ying Y., Granger J.H., Porter M.D., Takahashi M, & Shimazu K. (2014). Succinimidyl Ester Surface Chemistry: Implications of the Competition between Aminolysis and Hydrolysis on Covalent Protein Immobilization. Langmuir, 30(43), 12868-12878.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer-Drug Conjugates

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Indoximod (IND) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl) was obtained from LC Laboratories (MA, USA). Vinylbenzyl chloride, potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), petroleum ether (PE), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, 1,4-dioxane, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), triethylamine (TEA), 4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl) sulfanyl] pentanoic acid, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA, Mn=500), and 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA).

Wan Z., Sun J., Xu J., Moharil P., Chen J., Xu J., Zhu J., Li J., Huang Y., Xu P., Ma X., Xie W., Lu B, & Li S. (2019). Dual Functional Immunostimulatory Polymeric Prodrug Carrier with Pendent Indoximod for Enhanced Cancer Immunochemotherapy. Acta biomaterialia, 90, 300-313.

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Versatile Polymer-Based Microsphere Synthesis

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Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (average M_w 55 000 g mol^–1), poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA, average M_w 100 000 g mol^–1), poly(ethylene imine) (PEI, average M_w 25 000 g mol^–1), 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and N-vinylpyrrolidone (VPON) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. tert-Butyl methacrylate (tBMA), N-(tert-butoxycarbonylaminopropyl)methacrylamide (tBOC), and monodisperse silica microspheres of 2 μm were from Polysciences, Inc. Alexa Fluor 488 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester (Ex/Em = 488/510 nm), and Alexa Fluor 488 dihydrazide sodium salt were purchased from Invitrogen. 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and recrystallized from methanol at 30 °C before use. Ultrapure deionized water with a resistivity of 0.055 μS/cm was used in all experiments (Siemens). NaH₂PO₄ and Na₂HPO₄ (Sigma-Aldrich) of ACS grade were used. 1,4-Dioxane, diethyl ether, hexane, and methanol were purchased from Fisher Scientific and used as received.

Kozlovskaya V., Alexander J.F., Wang Y., Kuncewicz T., Liu X., Godin B, & Kharlampieva E. (2014). Internalization of Red Blood Cell-Mimicking Hydrogel Capsules with pH-Triggered Shape Responses. ACS Nano, 8(6), 5725-5737.

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Evaluation of Red Palm Oil's Bioactive Compounds

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Commercially available red palm oil (RPO) was purchased from a local supplier in Malaysia. RPO is non-GMO-certified and contains 664.994±1.946 ppm (0.44:0.56, α-carotene: β-carotene) of carotenoids and 999.485±20.023 ppm of vitamin E, respectively. Polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), sorbitan monoolete (Span 80) and glycerol were obtained from SystermChemAR (Shah Alam, Malaysia). The water used was Ultrapure water from Milli-Q Plus. For high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, isopropanol, hexane, m ethanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, triethylamine and 1,4-dioxane were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, United Kingdom). Ascorbic acid and DPPH (2, 2 diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) were obtained from TCI America (Tokyo, Japan), while ethanol was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Primary epidermal keratinocytes (normal human, adult, PCS- 200–011) and complete growth medium were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Virginia, ATCC, USA). Tricaine (MS-222) was purchased from Sigma. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 3-(4,5- Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide for dye (MTT) from MP Biomedicals (France) were used in this study.

Chong W.T., Tan C.P., Cheah Y.K, & Lai O.M. (2022). In-vitro and in-vivo evaluations of tocotrienol-rich nanoemulsified system on skin wound healing. PLoS ONE, 17(5), e0267381.

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Fabrication of Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts

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Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts (TEVGs) were constructed using a dual chamber method as described previously.^{[52 (link)]} Briefly, a dual chamber was created by using a non-tapered, non-graduated polypropylene tube as the outer chamber. The inner chamber was made with a 21g hypodermic needle guided through the polypropylene tube. Polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh (Concordia Fibers, Conventry, RI) was cut into a 3mm × 5mm sheet and wrapped around the inner needle. A poly-L-lactide/- ε-caprolactone sealant (Gunze, Kyoto, Japan) was combined with 1,4-Dioxane (Fisher Chemical) and vortexed for two hours before applying to the mesh in the dual chamber system. Grafts were lyophilized overnight and removed from the dual chamber. Each graft was controlled for quality via inspection under a microscope for uniform diameter, uniform thickness, and any additional signs of gross defects. Grafts were stored in a desiccator until implantation.

Mirhaidari G.J., Barker J.C., Zbinden J.C., Santantonio B.M., Chang Y.C., Best C.A., Reinhardt J.W., Blum K.M., Yi T, & Breuer C.K. (2020). Tissue Engineered Vascular Graft Recipient Interleukin 10 Status is Critical for Preventing Thrombosis.. Advanced healthcare materials, 9(24), e2001094.

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