Ethylene glycol

Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS; Mw: ≈100,000, DS ≥ 80%, Bomei Biotechnology, Hefei, China); Cysteine (Cys; Mw: 121.158, Qiangshun Chemical Reagent, Shanghai, China); N-Hydroxy succinimide (NHS; Rhawn, Shanghai, China); Sodium chloride (NaCl; Xilong, Guangzhou, China); Sodium alginate (SA, Mw: 198n, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, Shanghai, China); Sodium periodate (Rhawn, Shanghai, China); Ethylene glycol (Xilong Scientific, Shantou, China); but-3-yn-2-one (Alfa Aesar, Shanghai, China); Phosphate Buffer (PB, SenBeiJia Biological Technology, Nanjing, China); Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na, Xilong Chemical, Shantou, China); 5,5′-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB, aladdin, Shanghai, China); HCl (Xilong Chemical, Shantou, China); DMEM medium (Meilunbio, Dalian, China); phosphate buffered saline (PBS; SenBeiJia, Nanjing, China); Trypsin (TBD Science, Tianjin, China); Lysogeny broth medium (LB; Feiyu Bio, Nantong, China); ROS assay kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China).

PLGA (Mw = 20 kDa, LA:GA = 50:50 mol/mol) was purchased from Jinan Daigang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Jinan, China). Tetrahydrofuran (THF, ≥99.0%) was bought from Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). FeCl₃·6H₂O (≥99.0%), ethylene glycol, and anhydrous sodium acetate (CH₃COONa, NaAc) were provided by Xilong Science Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China). Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O (99.0%), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and NaBF₄ were supplied by Shandong Xiya Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Linyi, China). Eu(NO₃)₃·6H₂O (99.99%) and DOX (≥98.0%) were bought from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). NaCl, chitosan (CS, degree of deacetylation: 80–95%, viscosity: 0.05–0.8 Pa·s), and benzimidazole (Bim) were provided by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Diethylene glycol (DEG) was acquired from the Tianjin Guangfu Fine Chemicals Institute (Tianjin, China). Acetic acid (CH₃COOH, AcOH) was received from Tongguang Fine Chemicals Company (Beijing, China). Absolute ethyl alcohol (≥99.7%) was purchased from Beijing Oriental Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Deionized water was used in all experiments. All reagents involved in this work were of analytical grade and directly used as received without further purification.

All chemicals were of analytical grade and used as received without further purification. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃, ≥99.8%), sodium chloride (NaCl, ≥99.5%) and potassium bromide (KBr, ≥99.0%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Mw ~1.3 × 10⁶) was acquired from Sigma Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was purchased from Dow (Shanghai, China). Ethylene glycol (EG, ≥99.0%) and ethanol (C₂H₅OH, ≥99.0%) were obtained from Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China). PolyEthylene glycol terephthalate (PET) was gained from Yingshang Electronic Materials Co., Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). Deionized (DI) water was purified by laboratory water purification system with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm and a working temperature of 25 °C.

Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate (Ce(NH₄)₂(NO₃)₆) and formic acid (HCOOH) were purchased from Macklin chemical reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ethylene glycol and ethyl alcohol were obtained from Xilong scientific Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China). Acetylene black and Polyvinylidene fluoride were purchased from Tianjin Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China). Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was acquired from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All the chemical reagents were analytical reagent (AR) and directly used without further purification.

Graphene oxide (GO) was obtained from Xianfeng Nano Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Hemin, GPC3, Sodium tetrachloropalladate (Na₂PdCl₄), chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄·4H₂O), silver nitrate (AgNO₃), Sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ascorbic acid (AA), and ethylene glycol (EG) were obtained from Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China). Human serum albumin (HSA), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were obtained from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). GPC3 antibody (GPC3_Ab) and GPC3 aptamer (GPC3_Apt, 5’-NH₂-TAA CGC TGA CCT TAG CTG GAT TTT ACA TGT TCC A-3’) [27 (link)], Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA), and 3,3’,5,5’-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Phosphate buffer solution (PBS, 0.1 mol/L) was used as the electrolyte in the measuring system.

MEthanol, ethylene glycol and formic acid (analytically pure) were purchased from Xilong Science Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was purchased from TEDIA Co., Ltd. (Fairfield, OH, USA). Ethanol (chromatographic pure) was bought from Xilong Science Co., Ltd. (Shantou, China). Puerarin, daidzin, daidzein and genistein (HPLC grade) were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Puerarin, daidzin, daidzein and genistein were prepared into 1000 mg/L standard stock solution with MEthanol. The stock solution was diluted to prepare a series of mixed standard working solutions as required.