Jade dsc

Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to determine the melting temperature (T_m), crystallization temperature (T_c), and percentage crystallinity (X_c %) using a Jade DSC (PerkinElmer, Shelton, CT, USA). Initially, 5 mg of all films were heated from 30 °C to 180 °C, before being cooled to 30 °C and heated again to 180 °C. This procedure is a typical one that is used in the literature to conduct DSC experiments [41 (link)]. The first scan is to erase the thermal hysteresis of the sample, while the cooling is to record the recrystallization, and the third step is to record the T_m value [41 (link)]. The heating and cooling rates were set at 10 °C/min. Nitrogen gas was purged during measurements. The enthalpy of the melting process value (∆H_f) was determined in J/g from the measured T_m value. The X_c % was calculated as shown in Equation (1), where ∆H_o is the melting enthalpy of polyethylene of 100% crystallinity and is equal to 290 J/g [42 ].

Thermal properties were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (Jade DSC, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Samples with weights ranging from 5 to 10 mg were put into the aluminum pans with two series of heating and cooling. The samples were heated up to 150 °C and cooled down to 20 °C. All operations were conducted at the rate of 10 °C/min. The vibrational spectra of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were carried out on a FTIR 410 (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) ranging from 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹. The powdery polymers were mixed with KBr powder and compressed into a disk for FTIR measurements. Two-hundred fifty-six (256) scans were performed in all specimens, and the spectrum was recorded. The average molecular weight (M_w) and the polydispersity (PDI, M_w/M_n) of the polymers were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC 270, Viscotek, Malvern, UK) connected with a refractive index detector. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used as an eluent. The molecular weight was calculated using standard polystyrene samples as references. The molecular structure of the polymer was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrophotometry (500 MHz, Bruker, MA, USA). The ¹H NMR spectra of the block biopolymers were recorded, using D-chloroform (CDCl₃) as the solvent. Further, the average molecular weight and grafting percentage of the biopolymers were calculated based on the spectra.

The melting point of the compound was determined using a system of differential scanning calorimetry (Jade-DSC, Perkin Elmer). The samples (5–10 mg) were prepared in an aluminum pan, and DSC measurements were performed by heating at 30 to 200 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min in an inert atmosphere (N2 flow: 10 mL·min⁻¹)¹⁵ .

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was performed for DRV, Kolliphor TPGS, and SD7 in Jade DSC (Perkin Elmer, Massachusetts, USA). The samples were heated in a temperature range of 30–300°C in pierced aluminium pans. The heating rate was set to 10°C/min. Inert atmosphere was maintained by purging nitrogen gas at a flow rate of 20 ml/min.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out with the help of Bruker alpha-T spectrophotometer, Ettlingen, Germany. Samples equivalent to 5 mg were placed on the sample holder. The overhead compressor was put on the sampling point to allow transmittance to occur. The spectra were recorded by scanning the pellet between 4000 and 400 wavelengths (cm⁻¹).
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed using an X-ray diffractometer Bruker D8 ADVANCE (Bruker, USA), equipped with CU-anode. Copper was the source of radiation operated at 30 kV, 40 mA, and a nickel filter was used to strip K beta radiation. The shift or change in the 2θ values was obtained.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) helped in determining surface morphology of DRV and its SD. Prior to examination, samples were mounted on an aluminium stub using a double sided adhesive tape and then making it electrically conductive by coating with a thin layer of platinum (approximately 20 nm) in vacuum. It was operated at an acceleration voltage of 1.9 kV.

Size and zeta potential of albiflorin nanogels were determined by particle size analyzer (NanoZS, Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK), which was based on a method of phase-analysis light scattering (PALS). Morphology of nanogels was observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) (H-7650, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of albiflorin nanogels were obtained by DSC (Jade DSC, Perkin-Elmer Corp, Wilton, CT). FT-IR spectra of albiflorin nanogels were obtained by Thermo Nicolet iS10 FT-IR spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA).

The Perkin Elmer JADE DSC equipment was used to obtain DSC thermograms for the medication and formulation (F7). A sample of pure substances (3–5 mg) was weighed, sealed in a typical aluminum pan, and then, put on the apparatus for analysis. At a scanning rate of 10 °C/min from 0 to 300 °C, the sample’s thermal behavior was examined. The outcomes were averaged after each sample, conducted in triplicate.