The in vitro release of tamarind seed extract from the different formulations was examined using a USP dissolution apparatus 1 (Erweka, Heusenstamm, Germany) with 1000 mL of simulated gastric fluid medium (SGF, pH 1.2) and basket rotation at 100 rpm, as adapted from Sriamornsak et al. [7 (link)]. The temperature was controlled at 37 ± 0.1 °C. Samples were taken at appropriate time intervals and assayed spectrophotometrically (Hitachi U-2000 UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Tokyo, Japan) for total phenolic content. All dissolution runs were performed in triplicate.
U 2000 uv visible spectrophotometer
Manufactured by Hitachi
Sourced in Japan
The U-2000 UV-Visible spectrophotometer is a laboratory instrument designed to analyze the absorption of light by samples in the ultraviolet and visible light spectrum. It measures the intensity of light passing through a sample and provides data on the sample's absorbance or transmittance characteristics.
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4 protocols using u 2000 uv visible spectrophotometer
1
In vitro Tamarind Seed Extract Release
2
Analytical Methods for Water Quality
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OD at 600 nm was determined using a Hitachi U2000 UV/visible spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Nitrate, nitrite, and sulfate were analyzed by suppressor-mediated ion chromatography using a conductivity detector and an IonPac AS9-SC 4 × 50 mm column (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA). The mobile phase was 1.8 mmol L−1 Na2CO3 and 1.7 mmol L−1 NaHCO3 at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1. Mannitol was added for stabilization of the samples, and sodium fluoride was used as internal standard. The analysis was conducted at 35 °C. Samples for DOC, anionic surfactant, and anion measurements were centrifuged and filtered using a membrane filter (0.22 μm) before analysis. Samples for DOC and anionic surfactant measurements were further acidified by adding 0.5 mL of H2SO4 (1 mol L−1). A TOC analyzer (TOC-VCSH, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was used for DOC measurements of the liquid samples. SLES concentration measurements were performed using anionic surfactants cell test kits (0.05–2 mg L−1 of methylene blue active substances (MBAS)) and a Spectroquant Multy photometer according to the manufacturer instructions (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). A calibration curve was included to convert MBAS concentrations to mg SLES L−1.
3
Proteoglycan Quantification in Spent Liquor
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Spent liquor from the standardized fiber opening process carried out in selected green solvents and water medium was collected. The liquor was filtered and used for estimation of proteoglycan using Schiff’s assay43 (link),44 . Mucin (glycoprotein) was used as the standard. To a set of 10-50 µg of mucin standards in 1 ml of water, 100 µl of freshly prepared periodic acid solution (a mixture of 10 ml of 7% acetic acid and 10 µl of 50% periodic acid) was added and incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. 100 µl of decolorized Schiff’s reagent was added and allowed for color development at room temperature for 30 min. The absorbance at 555 nm was recorded using a Hitachi U-2000 UV–Visible spectrophotometer. Water was used as blank. The standard curve was plotted between mucin standard concentrations against absorbance at 555 nm. The amount of proteoglycan present in the sample was determined from the standard graph.
4
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Phytochemicals
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The spectrophotometric analyses reported below were performed on a Hitachi U-2000UV–visible spectrophotometer. TP content was spectrophotometrically determined according to [36 (link)], using the Folin–Ciocalteu method with slight modifications. Briefly, 10 µL of the extract was transferred into a test tube, and 50 µL of Folin–Ciocalteau reagent was added. Then, 100 µL of 20% (w/v) sodium carbonate was added, and the sample was mixed thoroughly. The final reaction volume was 1 mL. After 20 min in darkness, the absorbance was measured at 700 nm. For the standard calibration curve (50 to 300 mg/L), GA was used with a seven-point calibration curve (R2 > 0.99). The results were expressed as mg GA equivalent per 100 mg of d.w. (mg CAeq/100 mg d.w.). Standard Bradford method was used to detect the presence of proteins [37 (link)] expressed as mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) equivalent per 100 mg of d.w. (mg BSA eq/100 mg d.w.). Absorbance was measured at 595 nm. For the standard calibration curve (0.05 to 0.283 mg/L), BSA was used, with a four-point calibration curve (R2 > 0.99). The Zlatkis method, with slight modifications, was used to detect the presence of saponins [38 (link)]. Absorbance was measured at 545 nm, and cholesterol was used as a standard (1.0 and 0.5 mg/mL) [39 (link)].
Each analysis was performed on three samples and repeated twice.
Each analysis was performed on three samples and repeated twice.
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