Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), and Ham's F-12 nutrition mixture (F-12) were purchased from MP Biomedicals (Solon, OH). Penicillin-streptomycin, fungizone, and trypsin (1:250, powder) were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). Percoll was purchased from GE Healthcare Bio-Science (Piscataway, NJ). [ 3 H]Nicotine was purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. (St Louis, MO). p-Aminohippurate (PAH), L-carnitine, choline chloride, diphenhydramine, and verapamil were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Nicotine, propranolol, pyrilamine maleate, pyrimethamine, quinidine, and quinine were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Procainamide and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP þ ) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and clonidine hydrochloride were purchased from Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company (Tokyo, Japan). Cotinine was purchased from TOYOBO Company, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All other chemicals were of the highest grade commercially available.
Choline chloride
Manufactured by Nacalai Tesque
Sourced in Japan
Choline chloride is a water-soluble, crystalline compound that functions as a source of the essential nutrient choline. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications and can serve as a component in cell culture media, biochemical assays, and other research applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ach chloride, by Kanto Chemical (2 mentions)
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Disodium hydrogen phosphate, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Arium 611 ultrapure water system, by Sartorius (2 mentions)
L carnitine, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Nicotine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Pyrimethamine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Verapamil, by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions)
Propranolol, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Trypsin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Percoll, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Fungizone, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Procainamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Quinine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Quinidine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Deuterium oxide, by Kanto Chemical (1 mentions)
2 aminoethyl trimethylammonium chloride hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
N butyric acid, by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions)
Dichloromethane dcm, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
6 protocols using choline chloride
1
Nicotine Transport Kinetics Assay
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Choline Compounds
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Ultrapure water with a specific resistance of 18.2 MΩ/cm was produced in an Arium 611 Ultrapure Water System (Sartorius Co., Goettingen, Germany) and used in our experiments. Methanol (high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]-grade), acetonitrile (HPLC-grade), choline chloride, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), formic acid and 1-N hydrochloric acid were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) was purchased from Peptide Institute, Inc. (Osaka, Japan); 4-N HCl/dioxane and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Watanabe Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Hiroshima, Japan); N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (DMAP) was purchased from Kokusan Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan); and ACh chloride, pivalic acid and deuterium oxide were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). (2-aminoethyl)trimethylammonium chloride hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (Ontario, Canada). All other purchased chemicals—including dichloromethane (DCM), sodium dihydrogen phosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate—were from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). PCh, BCh, LCh and (2-aminoethyl)trimethylammonium pivaloylamide (EN) were synthesized in our laboratory.
3
Synthesis of Amine-Functionalized Benzofuran Compounds
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Benzofuran-2-boronic acid, diEthylamine, pyrrole, ethanolamine and benzylethanolamine were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industries (Tokyo, Japan). Palladium(II) acetate (Pd(OAc)2), palladium(II) nitrate (Pd(NO3)2), hexylamine and choline chloride were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Ethylamine, aniline, diphenylamine, trimEthylamine, TEA, triphenylamine, acetylcholine chloride, L-carnitine, pyridine, piperidine, 1,3-diaminopropane, spermidine, spermine, tris{tris-[3,5bis (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphine}palladium (Superstable Pd(0)), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PPh3)4), and bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium(0) (Pd(dba)2) were purchased from Wako (Osaka, Japan). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) and palladium(II) chloride (PdCl2) were from Kanto Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Water was distilled and passed through a Pure Line WL21P system (Yamamoto, Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals were of the highest purity and quality available. Stock solutions of amine were prepared in acetonitrile at the concentration of 500 μM each.
4
Metabolic Profiling of Dietary Compounds
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Cornstarch, casein, sucrose, cellulose, American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93M mineral mix, and AIN-93M vitamin mix were purchased from Oriental Yeast Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Methionine and choline chloride were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Co., Ltd. (Kyoto, Japan). Lard was purchased from the Marine Foods Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Measurement kits for levels of serum glucose (Glc), triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (T-chol), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and phospholipids (PLs) were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for mouse leptin, mouse adiponectin, and mouse resistin were purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). All other chemicals used in this study were of the highest available purity.
5
Ultrapure Water-Based Analytical Protocol
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Ultrapure water with a specific resistance of 18.2 MΩ/cm—produced using an Arium 611 Ultrapure Water System (Sartorius Co., Goettingen, Germany)—was used in the experiments. Methanol (high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] grade), formic acid, 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and choline chloride were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Sodium dihydrogen phosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). ACh chloride was purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). 2-Aminoethyl-trimethylammonium pivaloylamide (EN) was synthesized in our laboratory [10 (link)].
6
Pharmacological Compound Acquisition
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Lamotrigine (LTG) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan).
Verapamil, quinidine, tetraethyl ammonium (TEA), amantadine, metformin, imipramine, chloroquine, lopinavir, and 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Choline chloride was purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). L-Carnitine and other chemicals were purchased from Wako (Tokyo, Japan).
Verapamil, quinidine, tetraethyl ammonium (TEA), amantadine, metformin, imipramine, chloroquine, lopinavir, and 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Choline chloride was purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). L-Carnitine and other chemicals were purchased from Wako (Tokyo, Japan).
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