Bicinchoninic acid (bca)

BCA was purchased from Selleckchem (Absource Diagnostics, München, Germany). For in vitro and ex vivo assays, BCA was dissolved under sterile conditions in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to a concentration of 50 mmol/L; for the in vivo use the concentration was 50 mg/mL. Genistein and SDG from Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). Genistein was dissolved in pure DMSO under sterile conditions to a concentration of 100 mmol/L. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside was prepared in DMSO in 30% DMSO/water under sterile conditions to a concentration of 10 mmol/L.

BCA was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Shanghai, China). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Molecular Technologies (Kumamoto, Japan). PE Annexin V apoptosis detection commercial kit was purchased from BD biosciences (Shanghai, China). Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Assay Kit was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Cell-Light EdU Apollo567 In Vitro Kit was purchased from Guangzhou Ruibo Biotechnology Co. LTD (Guangzhou, China). Bax, Bcl-2, ND1, SHDB, UQCRC2, MTCO2, ATP5A, MFN2, GLUT1, HK2, PMK2, LDH, HIF-1a, and Drp1 antibodies were obtained from proteintech (Wuhan, China). AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, and p-mTOR antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. LC3B, Beclin-1, P62, and GAPDH were obtained from ABCAm (Cambridge, UK).