Cacl2

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Belgium, United Kingdom, Germany

CaCl2 is a chemical compound that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water. CaCl2 is used as a desiccant, a source of calcium ions, and a reagent in various chemical reactions.

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Lab products found in correlation

168 protocols using cacl2

Collagen Crosslinking and Digestion

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All reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless otherwise noted. Crosslinker TF from black tea extract was purchased from Lisi (Xian) Bio-Tech Inc. (Baoji City, China) and CR from Ocean Spray (Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA). A solution of 0.96% phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH = 7.4) was prepared using Dulbecco’s PBS packet (P3813) and 0.002% sodium azide was added to prevent bacteria or fungi growth. TESCA buffer was prepared by dissolving 5.75 g of TES (Lot 103181, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), and 26.5 mg of CaCl₂ (Lot 876772, Fisher Scientific) in 500 mL of distilled water, and the pH was adjusted to 7.4 using NaOH. For collagen digestion, bacterial collagenase (from clostridium histolyticum—type I, ≥125 CDU/mg solid) was dissolved in TESCA solution. The collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) was purchased from 3Helix (Salt Lake City, UT, USA).

Nisar S., Hass V., Wang R., Walker M.P, & Wang Y. (2023). Effect of Different Crosslinkers on Denatured Dentin Collagen’s Biostability, MMP Inhibition and Mechanical Properties. Polymers, 15(18), 3683.

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Isolation and Preparation of Red Blood Cells

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The procedure and consent form
were approved by the Michigan State University Biomedical and Health
Institutional Review Board (IRB). Whole blood was collected from healthy
control donors via venipuncture into heparinized tubes. After being
centrifuged for 10 min at 500g, the buffy coat and
plasma were removed by aspiration, and the remaining RBCs were suspended
and washed in a physiological salt solution [PSS; 4.7 mM KCl (Fisher
Scientific, Waltham, MA), 2.0 mM CaCl₂ (Fisher Scientific),
140.5 mM NaCl (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 12.0 mM MgSO₄ (Fisher Scientific), 21.0 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Invitrogen,
Carlsbad, CA), 5.5 mM dextrose (Sigma-Aldrich), and 0.5% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich;
≥98% by heat shock fraction) at pH 7.40]. An albumin-free version
of the PSS (AF-PSS) was also utilized to wash the RBCs. A StatSpin
MP microhematocrit centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA) and a digital
hematocrit reader (StatSpin CritSpin; Beckman Coulter) were used to
determine the RBC hematocrit. RBCs were prepared on the day of the
experiment and used within 8 h of collection.

Jacobs M.J., Geiger M.K., Summers S.E., DeLuca C.P., Zinn K.R, & Spence D.M. (2022). Albumin Glycation Affects the Delivery of C-Peptide to the Red Blood Cells. ACS Measurement Science Au, 2(3), 278-286.

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Ultrastructural Examination of Placental IEP

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Fixed placental fragments were washed twice for 10 min in .1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (Agar Scientific) at pH 7.4 containing .23 M sucrose (Fisher) and 2 mM CaCl₂ (Fisher). The specimens were placed in 2% osmium tetroxide (Oxkem) in .1 M sodium cacodylate (Agar Scientific) at pH 7.4 for 60 min, then washed three times for 10 min with distilled water. Samples were treated with 2% aqueous uranyl acetate (Agar Scientific) for 20 min and then dehydrated using a graded ethanol series. Specimens were then treated with 50:50 Agar low viscosity (ALV) resin:acetonitrile (Fisher) overnight and infiltrated with fresh ALV resin (Agar Scientific) for 6 hr. Finally, specimens were embedded in fresh ALV resin and polymerised for 16 hr at 60°C. Gold/silver ultrathin sections were cut, stained with Reynolds lead citrate and viewed by TEM (Tecnai 12, ThermoFisher) to study interendothelial protrusion (IEP) profiles at higher resolution.

Palaiologou E., Goggin P., Chatelet D.S., Ribeiro de Souza R., Chiu W., Ashley B., Lofthouse E.M., Sengers B.G., Torrens C., Page A.M., Cleal J.K, & Lewis R.M. (2020). Serial block‐face scanning electron microscopy reveals novel intercellular connections in human term placental microvasculature. Journal of Anatomy, 237(2), 241-249.

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Lipid Mixture Preparation for Biophysical Studies

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1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DOPS), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), and L-α-phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bis-phosphate (PI(4,5)P₂; Porcine Brain, ammonium salt) lipids were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL) as lipid stock solutions in chloroform or 2:1 chloroform:methanol. The concentration of lipid stock solutions was periodically verified by phosphate assay. The lipid dye Texas Red-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (triethylammonium salt) (Texas Red-DHPE) was purchased from Invitrogen/Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). CaCl₂, MgCl₂, NaCl, Casein, Tris, HEPES, DTT and EDTA were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Rochester, NY). All salts were obtained with the Cl⁻ counterion to prevent any potential impact from varying the counterion. 98% hydrolyzed 146–186 kDa PVA was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All commercial reagents were used without further purification.

Graber Z., Shi Z, & Baumgart T. (2017). Cations induce shape remodeling of negatively charged phospholipid membranes. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP, 19(23), 15285-15295.

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Investigating Cellular Pathways Modulation

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MG-132 and Concanamycin A were from Calbiochem, Chloroquine and ZnCl₂ from Sigma, CaCl₂ from Fisher Scientific, and Dynasore from Abcam.

Jägers C, & Roelink H. (2021). Association of Sonic Hedgehog with the extracellular matrix requires its zinc-coordination center. BMC Molecular and Cell Biology, 22, 22.

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Grape Seed Extract Collagen Digestion

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All chemicals used in the current study were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless otherwise noted. The grape seed extract was donated by Mega Natural (Madera, CA, USA). 0.96% phosphate buffered saline (PBS, PH=7.4) was prepared using Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline powder packet (P3813) and 0.002% sodium azide was added to prevent bacterial growth. TESCA buffer was prepared by dissolving 5.75 g of TES (N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, Lot 103181, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), and 26.5 mg of CaCl₂ (Lot 876772, Fisher Scientific) in 500 mL of distilled water, and the PH was adjusted to 7.4 using NaOH. Bacterial Collagenase (from Clostridium histolyticum - type I, ≥125 CDU/mg solid) was dissolved in TESCA solution for collagen digestion. The collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP) was purchased from 3Helix (Salt Lake City, UT, USA). The overall experimental design and procedures are illustrated in Figure 1.

Wang R., Nisar S., Vogel Z., Liu H, & Wang Y. (2022). Dentin collagen denaturation status assessed by collagen hybridizing peptide and its effect on bio-stabilization of proanthocyanidins. Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials, 38(5), 748-758.

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Dopamine Signaling Modulation Protocol

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All chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise noted. Artificial cerebral spinal fluid (aCSF) comprised 145 mM NaCl, 2.68 mM KCl, 1.01 mM MgSO₄, 1.22 mM CaCl₂, 1.55 mM Na₂HPO₄, and 0.45 mM NaH₂PO₄ (salts from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA). Vehicle for PKCβ inhibitors was 0.05% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in ACSF. ¹³C₆-Dopamine (¹³C₆-DA) was purchased from CDN isotopes (Quebec, Canada). Amphetamine d-sulfate was purchased from the University of Michigan hospital (Ann Arbor, MI). Ruboxistaurin was obtained from NIDA-NIH (Bethesda, MD). Enzastaurin was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Milwaukee, WI).

Zestos A.G., Mikelman S.R., Kennedy R.T, & Gnegy M.E. (2016). PKCβ Inhibitors Attenuate Amphetamine-Stimulated Dopamine Efflux. ACS chemical neuroscience, 7(6), 757-766.

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Isolation of Brain Immune Cells

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Isolation of brain immune cells was performed following a well-established method (16 ) with a few modifications at day 3 post-ischemia. Briefly, rat cerebral hemispheres were cut into about 1mm³ pieces before digestion with digestion buffer for 45 min at 37°C. Digestion buffer consists of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1mg/ml collagenase type IV (Sigma-Aldrich), 50µg/ml DNase I (Sigma-Aldrich), 5mM CaCl₂ (Fisher Scientific). Digested tissues were then gently pressed through 40-µm cell strainers to prepare homogenized tissue suspension. Tissue suspension was then mixed with 4 volumes of 30% Percoll (GE Healthcare). The mixture was loaded onto 2 ml of 37% Percoll, which was above 2 ml of 70% Percoll, followed by centrifugation at 500g for 20 min. Cells in the interface between 37% Percoll and 70% Percoll were collected, washed with PBS, and resuspended in PBS for further use..

Xie L., Sun F., Wang J., Mao X., Xie L., Yang S.H., Su D., Simpkins J.W., Greenberg D.A, & Jin K. (2014). mTOR signaling inhibition modulates macrophages/microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and secondary injury via regulatory T cells after focal ischemia. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 192(12), 6009-6019.

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Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Tetrachloroauric acid trihydrate
(HAuCl₄·3H₂O, 99%), cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide (CTAB, 98%), hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC, 25%
in water), sodium chloride (NaCl, 99%), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃, 99%), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃ 99.5%), silver
nitrate (AgNO₃, 99%), sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, 98%), hydrogen chloride (HCl, 37%), sodium citrate dihydrate, sodium
hydroxide, sodium salicylate (NaSal), tannic acid, glutamine (Gln),
urea, D-glucose (Glu), and glycolic acid (GA) were all purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium acetate (NaOAc) was purchased from Honeywell
Research Chemicals. L-Ascorbic acid was purchased from Alfa Aesar.
D(-)-Quinic acid (QA) and CaCl₂ were ordered from Fisher
Scientific. All chemicals were used as received without any further
purification. Ultrapure water (resistivity 18.20 MΩ cm at 25
°C) was used in all experiments.

Xue Y., Ma X., Feng X., Roberts S., Zhu G., Huang Y., Fan X., Fan J, & Chen X. (2023). Temperature-Derived Purification of Gold Nano-Bipyramids for Colorimetric Detection of Tannic Acid. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 6(13), 11572-11580.

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Coagulation Dynamics Monitoring in Whole Blood

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Whole blood was collected from human volunteers into a vacutainer (BD Vacutainer, BD Company) containing 3.2% sodium citrate under an IRB protocol approved by the University of Michigan (HUM00067675: Non-invasive Monitoring of the Critically Ill and Injured Patient). All blood samples were tested within 4 hr after blood collection. For blood samples treated with pro- or anti-coagulants, aprotinin (80 µg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich Co.) or heparin (8 U/mL; Sigma-Aldrich Co.) were added into blood and incubated in room temperature for 1 hr before assayed with CNT-mHRM devices.
At the beginning of blood coagulation tests, 20 µL blood sample was suspended between the protrusion and PDMS beam using a micropipette. 1.2 µL CaCl₂ (0.2 M, Fisher Scientific) was then added into blood drop with gentle mixing. A petri dish was used to cover the cartridge to alleviate evaporation before resistance acquisition was started. Image acquisition was also started when applicable. All assays were performed at room temperature (23 °C), and each device was used only once.

Li Z., Wang Y., Xue X., McCracken B., Ward K, & Fu J. (2018). Carbon nanotube strain sensor based hemoretractometer for blood coagulation testing. ACS sensors, 3(3), 670-676.

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