200 proof ethanol

Manufactured by Avantor

Sourced in United States

200 proof ethanol is a highly purified form of ethanol, containing 100% ethanol with no water content. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is commonly used in laboratory settings for various applications, such as as a solvent, reagent, and disinfectant.

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Ethanol (473 citations)

10 protocols using 200 proof ethanol

Nanocomposite Scaffold Fabrication

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Chitosan (Chi, 95% degree of deacetylation, 150–300 kDa; Heppe Medical Chitosan GmbH, Germany) was used as received; three different types of nanocellulose suspensions (BioPlus® hydrophilic cellulose, American Process, Atlanta, GA): nanofibrils (CNF, 5–20 nm diameter, 500 nm length, 3% w/w), nanocrystals (CNC, 4–5 nm diameter, 50–500 nm length, 6% w/w), and nanoblend (CNB: CNF and CNC mixed in 2:3 ratio, 3% w/w) were used as received^{76 (link)}; and sodium hydroxide (anhydrous, reagent grade, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), acetic acid (Glacial, ACS grade, EMD Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA), phosphate buffered saline (PBS, biotechnology grade; VWR, Radnor, PA, USA), and 200 proof ethanol (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA) were used as received.

Yin K., Divakar P, & Wegst U.G. (2019). Plant-derived Nanocellulose as Structural and Mechanical Reinforcement of Freeze-Cast Chitosan Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules, 20(10), 3733-3745.

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Fluorescein-labeled Chitosan Synthesis

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All chemical were used as received: chitosan powder (95% degree deacetylation (DD), 150–350 mPas viscosity for 1% w/v chitosan in 1% acetic acid at 20 °C, as specified by the manufacturer Heppe Medical Chitosan GmbH, Germany; acetic acid (Glacial, ACS grade, EMD Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA); sodium hydroxide (anhydrous, reagent grade), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and fluorescein sodium salt (all by Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA); phosphate buffered saline (PBS, biotechnology grade) and 200 Proof ethanol (both by VWR, Radnor, PA, USA).

Yin K., Divakar P, & Wegst U.G. (2018). Freeze-Casting Porous Chitosan Ureteral Stents for Improved Drainage. Acta biomaterialia, 84, 231-241.

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Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Synthesis

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NH₄OH(Sigma), FeCl₃ (Sigma-Aldrich), FeSO₄·7H2O (Sigma-Aldrich), 15 MΩ milli-Q water, chloromethyltriethoxylsilane (Gelest), NaI (Fluka), KOH (Fluka), KCN (Fluka), K¹⁴CN (ARC), N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (Gelest), N-[(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine triacetic acid tripotassium salt (Gelest), ethyleneimine (Fluka), acetic acid (VWR), 200 proof ethanol (VWR).

Nallathamby P.D., Mortensen N.P., Palko H.A., Malfatti M., Smith C., Sonnett J., Doktycz M.J., Gu B., Roeder R.K., Wang W, & Retterer S.T. (2015). New surface radiolabeling schemes of super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for biodistribution studies†. Nanoscale, 7(15), 6545-6555.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles

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Streptococcus pyogenes strain AP53 Covs+; LB broth (Miller; Sigma-Aldrich); agar (Sigma-Aldrich); 200 proof ethanol (VWR); 20% v/v ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH; BDH); tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS; Sigma Aldrich, 99% GC grade); 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES; Sigma Aldrich, 99%); sodium hydroxide (NaOH; Sigma Aldrich, >97%); sodium citrate dihydrate (C₆H₅Na₃O₇·2H₂O; Sigma Aldrich, >99%); tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (80% purity) (THPC; Sigma Aldrich, 80% in water); gold chloride (anhydrous; Sigma Aldrich); silver nitrate (AgNO₃; Sigma Aldrich, 99% ACS grade); hydroquinone (Sigma Aldrich, >99% reagent grade); deionized water (DI water); 4% buffered paraformaldehyde (VWR), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without calcium and magnesium (1X; Cytiva); rhodamine B isothiocyanate (Sigma-Aldrich); AFdye488-Maleimide (Fluoroprobes), Cys-Syn71 peptide (CAGTEKIFQRLKKTIQEGKKIAKRWW, GenScript).

Olesk J., Donahue D., Ross J., Sheehan C., Bennett Z., Armknecht K., Kudary C., Hopf J., Ploplis V.A., Castellino F.J., Lee S.W, & Nallathamby P.D. (2024). Antimicrobial peptide-conjugated phage-mimicking nanoparticles exhibit potent bactericidal action against Streptococcus pyogenes in murine wound infection models. Nanoscale Advances, 6(4), 1145-1162.

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Chemical Reagents and Suppliers

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All chemicals were HPLC grade or higher. The following were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA): 4-nitrophenol, 4-nitrocatechol, 4-nitroanisole, 4-methylpyrazole, NADP monosodium salt, and glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Methanol and 200 proof ethanol were purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA).

Hartman J.H., Kozal J.S., Di Giulio R.T, & Meyer J.N. (2017). Zebrafish Have an Ethanol-Inducible Hepatic 4-Nitrophenol Hydroxylase that is Not CYP2E1-like. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 54, 142-145.

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Cilia Disruption and Cell Suspension

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200 proof Ethanol (VWR, Radnor, PA) was used at 3% in Poland Spring water to briefly disrupt cilia (Stevenson and Beane, 2010 (link)) by incubating for 1 h before washing out.
2% Carboxy-methylcellulose (Sigma-Aldrich) solution was prepared in Poland Spring water and stirred at room temperature until fully dissolved. Worms were suspended in the Carboxy-methylcellulose solution and only removed before flow analysis. Worms were washed 3 times for 5 min in Poland Spring water after removal from Carboxy-methylcellulose to remove remaining solution.

Bischof J., Day M.E., Miller K.A., LaPalme J.V, & Levin M. (2020). Nervous system and tissue polarity dynamically adapt to new morphologies in planaria. Developmental biology, 467(1-2), 51-65.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorinated Surfaces

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Sodium tungstate dihydrate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA); MilliQ deionized (DI) water was used in all experiments; acetone and ethanol (200-Proof) were purchased from VWR. Phosphate ester with mixed length of fluorinated alkyl chains (FS-100) was purchased from Chemguard (USA). Krytox GPL-K103 lubricant was purchased from DuPont (USA). AISI 304, AISI 316 and AISI 430 stainless-steel plates, foils, rods and pipes were purchased from McMaster-Carr. Disposable stainless-steel surgical scalpels (Bard-Parker, USA) were purchased from VWR and HY-100 steel plates were received from Diversified Metals Inc., (USA). Zirconia (YSZ) grinding media was purchased from Inframat Advanced Materials Inc. (USA), and PDMS (Sylgard 184) was purchased from Dow Corning (USA).

Tesler A.B., Kim P., Kolle S., Howell C., Ahanotu O, & Aizenberg J. (2015). Extremely durable biofouling-resistant metallic surfaces based on electrodeposited nanoporous tungstite films on steel. Nature Communications, 6, 8649.

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Synthesis of Fluorinated Aryl Compounds

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2-Fluoronitrobenzene, 4-fluoronitrobenzene,
and trifluoroacetic acid were purchased from Oakwood Chemical. Imidazole
(99%) and 1,10-dibromodecane (>97%) were purchased from Aldrich.
Potassium
carbonate (99%, anhydrous) and Pd/C (10% on C, type 487) were purchased
from BeanTown Chemical. Paraformaldehyde (>97%) was obtained from
Alfa Aesar. α, α′-Dichloro-p-xylene
(>98%) was purchased from TCI. Lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide
(HQ-115) was purchased from 3M. Ethanol (200 proof), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (ACS grade), and dimethylacetamide (DMAc)
(ACS grade) were purchased from VWR. Celite 545 was purchased from
Acros Organics. All other chemicals, unless otherwise noted, were
obtained from commercial sources and used as received.

Kammakakam I., O’Harra K.E., Bara J.E, & Jackson E.M. (2019). Design and Synthesis of Imidazolium-Mediated Tröger’s Base-Containing Ionene Polymers for Advanced CO2 Separation Membranes. ACS Omega, 4(2), 3439-3448.

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Fabrication of Copper Oxide Coatings

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Cu₂O particles (Chem Copp HP III Type UltraFine −5) were purchased from American Chemet Corporation. The chemical composition and particle size distribution information are described in Table S1 and Figure S1. Polyurethane (Miniwax, Fast-Drying Polyurethane, clear satin) was purchased from Lowes Home Improvement Store. The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich: (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPTS) (>98%), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)(PDADMAC) (average M_W = 400 000–500 000, 20 wt% in water). Polyallylamine (PA) in freebase form (MW = 15 000, 15% in water) was purchased from Polysciences. The following items were obtained from VWR: glass slides (25 × 75 × 1 mm), toluene (ACS grade), ethanol 200 PROOF, nitric acid (70%, ACS grade), sodium chloride (ACS grade). Stainless steel 301 shim (thickness 0.25 mm, McMaster Carr) was cut into 13 × 13 mm pieces, washed with soap and water, and rinsed with water. Water was purified by a Barnstead EASY pure II unit.

Behzadinasab S., Chin A., Hosseini M., Poon L, & Ducker W. (2020). A Surface Coating that Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 12(31), 34723-34727.

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GC Standards Preparation Protocol

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All enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA). All synthetic oligonucleotides were ordered from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA). DNA sequencing services were done by Davis Sequencing (Davis, CA). All chemicals for gas chromatography (GC) standards except for ethanol and 1-pentanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 1-pentanol was purchased from Acros Organics (Belgium). ethanol (200 Proof) was purchased from VWR (Radnor, PA, Canada).

Rodriguez G.M, & Atsumi S. (2014). Toward aldehyde and alkane production by removing aldehyde reductase activity in Escherichia coli. Metabolic engineering, 25, 227-237.

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