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Hexokinase method

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The Hexokinase method is a laboratory technique used to measure the concentration of glucose in a sample. It involves the enzymatic conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme hexokinase, which is then further transformed and detected to quantify the initial glucose level.

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9 protocols using hexokinase method

1

Plasma Biomarkers and Coagulation Factors

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Plasma triglyceride and insulin levels were measured using commercially available kits (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN, and Crystal Chem Inc., Downers Grove, IL, USA) and glucose levels were determined according to the hexokinase method (Instruchemie). Plasma levels of multiple cytokines were evaluated simultaneously by using pre-coated multisport plates in an ELISA-based electrochemiluminescence assay (Meso Scale Discovery, Gaithersburg, MD).
Coagulation factor levels were measured as previously described [11 (link)] and pooled mouse plasma was used to generate standard curves. Global coagulability of the plasma was determined by measuring the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) on the STart 4 analyzer (Diagnostica Stago, Leiden, The Netherlands) using the STA Neoplastine Plus (Diagnostica Stago) and the TriniCLOT Automated APTT reagent (TCoag, Ireland), respectively.
The in vivo clearance rates of human coagulation factors VII, VIII and IX were analyzed with home-made ELISAs specific for human proteins which did not cross-react with mouse plasma proteins. Standard curves were generated by adding Cofact or Aafact to pooled mouse plasma (final concentration 20%) to calculate human antigen levels, and the level measured directly after injection (1 minute) was set as a reference (100%).
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2

Cardiovascular Risk Factors in CMD

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For patients included in the study, the diagnosis of CMD (type 2 DM, IGT, or IFG) was checked in the aforementioned 5-year period. For each selected patient, all data from electronic medical records were downloaded.
Table 1 shows the examination methods.
Laboratory parameters were measured by using standard laboratory methods. Glucose was measured in venous plasma using hexokinase method (Roche, Germany).
Statistical patterns influencing the development of CMDs and death within 5 years after AMI were identified.
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3

Standardized Blood Glucose Evaluation

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Blood glucose concentrations were measured using hexokinase-method (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Insulin was assessed by human insulin ELISA, Merck Millipore, Billerica, USA; sensitivity of the assay 1 μU/mL. Liver enzymes were assessed by routine diagnostics by standardized International Federation of Clinical Chemistry protocol using pyridoxale-5phosphate.
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4

Fasting Metabolic Biomarkers in Angiography

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Venous blood samples were collected after an overnight fast of 12 h before angiography was performed. Serum triglycerides and total cholesterol were determined on a Cobas 6000 or 8000 (Roche, Basel, Switzerland).
Levels of fasting plasma glucose were measured enzymatically from venous fluoride plasma samples with the hexokinase method (Roche Basel, Switzerland) on a Hitachi 717 or 911 (Mountain View, CA, U.S.A.). Glycosylated hemoglobin was determined as HbA1c by high-performance liquid chromatography on a Menarini-Arkray KDK HA 8140 (Kyoto, Japan).
Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed after an oral 75g glucose challenge. Serum insulin was measured by an enzyme immunoassay on an AIA 1200 (Tosoh, Foster City, CA, U.S.A.). Further, beta-cell function and insulin resistance were estimated from fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin using homeostasis model assessment [22 (link)].
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5

Blood Sampling and Biomarker Analysis

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Upon participant arrival at the laboratory (V1), a 20‐gauge polyethylene catheter was inserted into a forearm vein for blood sampling. Blood samples were drawn at rest after an overnight fasting. Fasting blood glucose was measured using the hexokinase method (Roche Diagnosis, Indianapolis, Indiana). Glycated hemoglobin was assayed using the ion‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography method (Bio‐Rad, Hercules, California). Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol were analyzed as previously described (Poirier et al. 2000, 2001). Low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol was calculated using Friedewald's formula (Friedewald et al. 1972). The cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein ratio was also calculated.
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6

Measuring Hormones and Metabolites in Blood

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GLP-1 was measured using an ELISA kit (Linco Research, St. Charles, USA) as previously reported [24] (link). This kit is highly specific for biologically active forms of GLP-1 (i.e., 7–36 amide and 7–37) and will not detect other forms (e.g., 1–36 amide, 1–37, 9–36, or 9–37). Values are expressed as pmol/l. The sensitivity of the assay is 2 pmol/l. GIP was measured using an ELISA kit (EMD Millipore, Billerica, USA). It detects human GIP(1–42) and GIP(3–42). Values are expressed as pg/ml. The sensitivity is 4.2 pg/ml.
Glucagon (Siemens, Malvern, USA), sensitivity: 13 pg/ml, and insulin (Cisbio International, Bagnols, France), sensitivity: 4.6 µU/ml, were measured by radioimmunoassay. Blood glucose concentrations were measured using hexokinase-method (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). LFTs were assessed by routine diagnostics by standardized IFCC protocol using pyridoxale-5phosphate.
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7

Standardized Lipid and Glucose Biomarkers

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All laboratories participating in the study meet the same national accreditation. In all cases, the principles of proper laboratory practice were followed and the laboratories were under systematic intra- and inter- laboratory control of the accuracy of examinations. Venous blood was always sampled in the morning, after 12-h fasting. The following biochemistry parameters were analyzed on Cobas 8000 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Manheim, Germany) using the fresh serum on the day of blood sampling: FG, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-C, TG, apolipoprotein B (ApoB). TC, TG and HDL-C were determined enzymatically. LDL-C was calculated using Friedewald formula. Glucose was determined using hexokinase method (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Concentration of ApoB was determined immunoturbidimetrically (TinaQuant Apo B kits, Roche, Mannheim, Germany). To determine serum insulin concentrations, serum was deep frozen within no more than 2 h from blood sampling. The separated serum was stored at −80°C until the day of analysis (for not later than one week). The insulin concentration analysis itself was carried out using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay on Architect i1000SR (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA).
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8

Serum Biomarkers in Metabolic Health

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An overnight fasting (≥ 10 h) blood draw was conducted, and separated serum samples were immediately stored at – 80 °C until assayed. WISP-1 concentration was quantified with a chemiluminescence immunoassay (SCG895Hu, Uscn Life Science Inc., Houston, TX, USA). β-catenin concentration was quantified with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CSB-E08963h, Cusabio Biotech, Newark, DE, USA). Fasting glucose was measured using a hexokinase method (Biosource, Nivelles, Belgium) and fasting insulin was quantified via an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys 2010, Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Lipid profile (triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol) was analyzed using the enzymatic calorimetric method (Advia 1650, Siemens, Tarrytown, NY, USA), but LDL-cholesterol was based on the calculation [total cholesterol – (1/5 triglycerides) – HDL]. Degree of insulin resistance was calculated using both homeostatic model assessment index 1 (HOMA-IR) and 2 (HOMA2-IR). HOMA-IR was defined as [fasting insulin (μU/ml) × fasting glucose (mg/dl)] / 40527 (link). HOMA2-IR was calculated using HOMA Calculator version 2.2.3 (https://www.dtu.ox.ac.uk).
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9

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Protocol

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OGTT was performed on the morning of Day 2 after a 10-hour overnight fast. Subjects were given 75-g dextrose in 250 cc of water, and blood samples were taken at baseline and 30, 60 and 120 min for measurement of glucose and insulin levels. Glucose was measured by the hexokinase method (Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, IN) on the Cobas C501, at Washington University Core Laboratory. Insulin measurement was performed by EMD Millipore Corporation (St. Charles, MO, USA) by radioimmunoassay. Area under the curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin were determined using the trapezoidal method, and HOMA-IR was calculated (Matthews et al., 1985 (link)).
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