Upper airway endoscopy was performed under sedation (xylazine, Rompum, Bayer, Mississauga, ON, Canada) 0.4 to 0.5 mg/kg IV or detomidine (Dormosedan, Zoetis, Parsippany, New Jersey) 0.008 to 0.1 mg/kg IV, and butorphanol (Torbugesic, Zoetis, Florham Park, New Jersey) 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg IV) with a 1.6 m fiber‐optic videoendoscope (Olympus, GIF‐H180, Olympus Canada Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, Canada). Tracheal mucus accumulation was scored from 0 to 5, as previously described,15 with 0 corresponding to no mucus, 1 to little mucus accumulation in small blobs, 2 to moderate mucus accumulation, 3 to marked, stream forming mucus blobs, 4 to large, pool‐forming accumulation, and 5 to extreme accumulation of mucus. A score greater than 2 was considered abnormal.1
Dormosedan
Manufactured by Zoetis
Sourced in United States
Dormosedan is a sedative and analgesic medication developed by Zoetis for use in veterinary medicine. It contains the active ingredient detomidine hydrochloride, which is a potent alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. Dormosedan is designed to induce a state of sedation and pain relief in animals, allowing for various procedures and examinations to be performed safely and comfortably.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Torbugesic, by Zoetis (2 mentions)
Detomidine, by Zoetis (2 mentions)
Gif h180, by Olympus (1 mentions)
Rompum, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Banamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sedivet, by Boehringer Ingelheim (1 mentions)
Butorphanol, by Zoetis (1 mentions)
Detomidine hydrochloride, by Zoetis (1 mentions)
9 protocols using dormosedan
1
Quantifying Tracheal Mucus Accumulation via Endoscopy
2
Equine CSF Collection: Sedation Protocols Compared
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In this randomized crossover clinical trial, standing AA CSF collections were performed on all horses at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. In addition to the standard morphine‐containing protocol (DM), study sedation protocols (DX, DD, and D0) were selected using non‐controlled sedatives at fixed doses commonly administered in equine practice. Each horse received all 4 sedation protocols, in random order, over the course of the study. The order in which treatments were administered was determined using an online random number generator (http://www.randomizer.org/ ). The person performing all CSF collection (G. Cock) was blinded to all sedation protocols for the duration of the study.
For each CSF collection, a 2‐part sedation administration model was used wherein horses are sedated with an initial dose of detomidine (Dormosedan, Zoetis, Parsippany, New Jersey) before aseptic skin preparation and then administered an additional sedation 3‐5 minutes before centesis.1 Treatment groups were as follows:
For each CSF collection, a 2‐part sedation administration model was used wherein horses are sedated with an initial dose of detomidine (Dormosedan, Zoetis, Parsippany, New Jersey) before aseptic skin preparation and then administered an additional sedation 3‐5 minutes before centesis.
DM: detomidine 5 mg IV + morphine sulfate 30 mg IV
DX: detomidine 5 mg IV + xylazine 150 mg IV
DD: detomidine 5 mg IV + detomidine 2 mg IV
D0: detomidine 5 mg IV alone
3
Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection in Horses
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Horses were restrained in stocks for CSF collection. The procedures were performed using standing sedation with romifidine (80 μg/kg, IV; Sedivet, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Duluth, Georgia) or detomidine hydrochloride (10 μg/kg, IV; Dormosedan, Zoetis, Parsippany, New Jersey). Cervical and LS CSF collections were performed consecutively, and an online random number generator (https://www.randomizer.org/ ) was used to determine the order of sampling. Lidocaine hydrochloride (100 mg; 2%; VetOne, Boise, Idaho) was infiltrated SC and into the musculature at both C1‐C2 and LS sites before the final aseptic preparation of the skin to provide local anesthesia. Cervical and LS CSF collection was performed as previously described.4 , 7 , 8 An 8‐in. 18 gauge spinal needle (Mila International, Florence, Kentucky) was used for LS centesis, and a 3.5‐in. 18 gauge spinal needle (Mila International) was used for cervical centesis. A total of 5 mL of CSF were collected in 1 mL aliquots from each site. After collection of CSF, horses were administered flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg IV; Banamine, Merck Animal Health, Madison, New Jersey). Whole blood (10 mL) was collected into a serum tube by venipuncture of the jugular vein. The blood was allowed to clot at room temperature, centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, and the serum separated and frozen at −80°C until analysis.
4
Foal Physical Examination and Sedation
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Each foal underwent the same, routine physical examination. Grading systems were used to quantify subjective data. Nasal discharge was given a score of 0–3 (Table 1 ).
Thoracic auscultation was scored from 0 to 3 based on type and severity of audible pathology (Table2 ). After physical examination, each foal was sedated with 0.005–0.02 mg/kg Detomidine HCL and 0.01–0.05 mg/kg Butorphanol via intravenous injection (Dormosedan, 10 mg/mL, Zoetis Inc. Butorphanol, Butador, 10 mg/mL, Nutri Biomed) depending on temperament.
Thoracic auscultation was scored from 0 to 3 based on type and severity of audible pathology (Table
5
Evaluating Equine Gastric Ulceration
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Five days after each SET (day 86), the gastric mucosa of the horses was examined using a flexible 3-m video-endoscope (Olympus OSF-V60) while sedated with 0.01 mg/kg detomidine (Dormosedan; Zoetis). Prior to gastroscopy, feed and hay were withheld for 15 to 18 hours and water was withheld 2 to 3 hours. The severity of squamous gastric ulceration was scored on a scale of 0 to 4 in accordance with an equine gastric lesion scoring system 4 by a researcher (BMW) who was unaware of the diet each horse was being fed. A score of 0 was considered free of ulceration, scores of 1 or 2 were considered mild to moderate ulceration, and scores of 3 or 4 were considered severe ulceration. Gastroscopic evaluations followed the collection of 200 to 300 mL gastric fluid through the biopsy port of the endoscope for pH analysis. Gastric fluid samples were evaluated immediately for pH after collection using a benchtop pH meter (model 35419-12; Oakton pH 700 Benchtop Meter).
6
Equine Vestibular and Auditory Assessment
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Ten healthy adult horses from a research herd were selected based on availability for the study. These horses consisted of 5 mares of Warmblood, Standardbred, and Quarter horse related breeds with ages ranging from 7 to 14 years. Five geldings of Quarter horse, Thoroughbred, and mixed breeds with ages ranging from 9 to 15 years. Horses had normal physical examination findings. Neurological examination to assess vestibular and auditory function was performed by a board‐certified neurologist (Aleman) before administering the first dose, after the last dose (day 7), and 30 days after discontinuation of GENT administration. Vestibular function was evaluated by observation of the presence or absence of nystagmus, head and body posture, gait, and reaction to blindfolding. Auditory function was evaluated by the horses' response to environmental auditory stimuli, and clapping of hands by the examiner. Horses' weights were recorded for the calculation of detomidine hydrochloride (Dormosedan, Zoetis, Inc, Kalamazoo, MI) and GENT sulfate (VetOne, Bose, ID) dosages. Weights ranged from 500 to 666 kg (586 ± 52 kg). All horses were housed in covered independent pens at the research facility, fed grass hay, provided free access to water, and monitored daily by the investigators. The study was approved by the University of California at Davis Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee #22043.
7
Equine Corneal Thickness Evaluation
8
Equine Gastric Ulcer Evaluation and Supplementation
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Horses over 4 yr of age (n = 44) that were involved in the riding program at MSU were initially examined. All horses were restricted from forage and grain for 12 h before gastroscopy was performed by a licensed veterinarian. Horses were restrained in standing stocks and by use of a nose twitch. Nineteen horses were also sedated via jugular intravenous injection of 0.4 mL Dormosedan (detomidine hydrochloride, 10 mg/mL; Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ, USA) and 0.3 mL Torbugesic (butorphanol tartrate, 10 mg/mL; Zoetis). A camera on a 3-m endoscope was inserted through one nostril and advanced to the horse’s stomach. Based on the veterinarian’s observation, horses were scored using the Equine Gastric Ulcer Council lesion grading system (Table 1 ). Horses that scored ≥2 were automatically included in the study (n = 13). After supplementation, horses were again evaluated for gastric ulcers using the same procedure.
9
Equine Strangles Recovery Protocol
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This study was approved by the University of Pennsylvania’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Protocol #805146. All owners had informed consent and agreed to the Widener-New Bolton Center (NBC) Privately - Owned Animal Protocol #1311–1. This study was performed using naturally occurring and recovering cases of S. equi infection amongst New Bolton Center field service equine patients. Signalment was recorded. Horses were confirmed as previously infected with S. equi (nasopharyngeal wash or guttural pouch lavage S. equi positive on PCR or culture, or clinical signs consistent with S. equi infection in a confirmed S. equi outbreak), and recovered from clinically apparent disease for at least 2 to 3 weeks. Time from the start of clinical signs to sample collection was recorded. Antibiotic history was recorded. All horses were sedated with detomidine (Dormosedan, Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ) 0.015–0.025 mg/kg of body weight for the procedures and were administered one dose of flunixin meglimine (Banamine®, Merck Animal Health, Kenilworth, NJ) 1.1 mg/kg of body weight after the procedure as an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory agent. Samples were collected using 3 different sampling site strategies, and tested using 3 different S. equi identification methods.
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