Each chemical was dissolved in 5% sucrose and 2% agar food (behavior food) at the indicated concentration and fed to flies for 3 d before the BSS assessment. The chemicals tested included epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, Sigma), diethylstilbestrol (DES, Sigma), α-ketoglutarate (Sigma), and KetoCal 4: 1 (fat: carbohydrate plus protein, Nutricia).
Diethylstilbestrol
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic estrogen compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It functions as a hormone that can mimic the effects of naturally occurring estrogens. The core function of Diethylstilbestrol is to serve as a research tool for studying the biological processes and effects of estrogens in various experimental models.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Bisphenol a, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
17β estradiol e2, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Methoxychlor, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Genistein, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Alamethicin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hexestrol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
17β estradiol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Testosterone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Triply deionized water, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
4 aminopyridine 4 ap, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Reporter lysis buffer, by Promega (2 mentions)
α ketoglutarate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ketocal 4 1, by Nutricia (1 mentions)
Epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rat serum, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Coumestrol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
25 protocols using diethylstilbestrol
1
Dietary Compounds Affect Fly Behavior
2
Rat Liver Metabolism Assay
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Diethylstilbestrol (DES, CAS 56-53-1), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2, CAS 57-63-6), genistein (GEN, CAS 446-72-0), coumestrol (COU, CAS 479-13-0), methoxychlor (MXC, CAS 72-43-5), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), uridine 5ʹ-diphosphoglucurnic acid (UDPGA), adenosine 3ʹ-phosphate 5ʹ-phosphosulfate (PAPS), lithium salt hydrate, acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) sodium salt, alamethicin, magnesium chloride, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, and rat serum were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, the Netherlands). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium) and phosphate-buffered saline was purchased from Invitrogen (Breda, the Netherlands). Pooled liver S9 fractions from male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Tebu-bio (Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands). Rapid equilibrium dialysis (RED) devices, including RED inserts, RED base plate and sealing tape, were purchased from Fisher (Landsmeer, the Netherlands).
3
Comprehensive Endocrine Disruptor Chemical Screening
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The chemicals used in this study are as follows: 17β-estradiol (E2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO); the endogenous hormone metabolites 3β-androstanediol/5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-diol), and 5-androstenediol/androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol (Δ5-diol) were purchased from Research Plus Steroid Laboratories, Inc. (Denville, NJ); 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN) was purchased from TOCRIS Bioscience (Avonmouth, Bristol, UK); bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol AF (BPAF), 2-2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP), diadzein (Dai), genistein (Gen), kaempferol (Kaem), apigenin (Api), coumestrol (Coum), endosulfan (Endo), kepone (Kep), and 1-bromopropane (1-BP) were obtained from the Midwest Research Institute (Kansas City, MO) through a contract with the National Toxicology Program and are previously described (Li et al. 2013 (link)). The chemical structures are shown in Table S1. Chemical Abstracts Services Registry Numbers (CAS No.) and the sources are summarized in Table S2. All chemicals were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
4
Analytical Determination of Trace Compounds
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Nafion, luminol (chemiluminescence reagent, ≥98.0%), BPA, cypermethrin (CYP), 17β-estradiol (E2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), phenol (PHE) and hexestrol (INN) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Trading Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were of analytical grade and the ultrapure water (resistivity ≥ 18.25 MΩ) was applied. The experiments were conducted at 25 °C.
5
Evaluation of Inhibitory Compounds
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Ebselen and ethacrynic acid were purchased from abcr GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), diethylstilbestrol and metronidazole from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All inhibitors were dissolved in DMSO at 7.5 mg/ml and subsequently further diluted in DMSO.
6
Comprehensive Chemical Exposure Protocol
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All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich: bisphenol A (BPA; purity ≥99%), diethylstilbestrol (DES; purity ≥99%), endosulfan (END; analytical standard grade), 17β-estradiol (E2; purity ≥98%), fulvestrant (FUL; purity ≥98%), hexaconazole (HEX; analytical standard grade), methimazole (MMI; analytical standard grade), 17α-methyltestosterone (17-αMT; purity ≥97.0%), nandrolone (NAN; analytical standard grade), nilutamide (NIL; solid), testosterone (TES; purity ≥99%), 3,3′,5-triiodo-l -thyronine (T3; purity ≥95%), vinclozolin (VIN; analytical standard grade). Stock solutions for all chemicals were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), with the only exception being MMI, which was prepared in E3 media (Table S1 ).
7
Isolation and Characterization of FGAL
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FGAL was obtained as previously described [8 (link)]. Briefly, FGAL was isolated from the aerial parts of Piptadenia stipulacea Benth., species collected in the city of Serra Branca, Paraíba, Brazil. The sample were identified by PhD. Maria de Fátima Agra, from UFPB. A voucher, Agra et al. 3331 (JPB) was deposited in the Herbarium Lauro Pires Xavier in the Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia from UFPB (João Pessoa, PB, Brazil).
Potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium chloride bi-hydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) were purchased from Merck & Co. Inc. (Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA). Apamin, cesium chloride (CsCl), tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA-Cl), glibenclamide, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and diethylstilbestrol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Oxytocin was purchased from Eurofarma (Brasil). All substances were dissolved in distilled water, except glibenclamide and diethylstilbestrol, which were dissolved in ethanol PA (95%). FGAL was solubilized in Cremophor EL® (3%) plus distilled water. The final concentration of Cremophor EL® in the organ bath never exceeded 0.01% (v/v), which does not produce any observable effect on rat uterine tonus.
Potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium chloride bi-hydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) were purchased from Merck & Co. Inc. (Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA). Apamin, cesium chloride (CsCl), tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA-Cl), glibenclamide, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and diethylstilbestrol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Oxytocin was purchased from Eurofarma (Brasil). All substances were dissolved in distilled water, except glibenclamide and diethylstilbestrol, which were dissolved in ethanol PA (95%). FGAL was solubilized in Cremophor EL® (3%) plus distilled water. The final concentration of Cremophor EL® in the organ bath never exceeded 0.01% (v/v), which does not produce any observable effect on rat uterine tonus.
8
Endocrine Disruptor Screening Assay
9
Antibody-Based Multidrug Resistance Detection
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Mouse monoclonal anti-P-gp, anti-ABCG2 and anti-MRP1 antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Sunitinib was obtained from Pfizer, Inc. (New York, NY, USA). Doxorubicin chlorhydrate was purchased from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Inc. (Uppsala, Sweden). Verapamil was obtained from Calbiochem (Billerica, MA, USA). Paclitaxel, vinblastine, cyclosporine A, fumitremorgin C, diethylstilbestrol and MK571 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA).
10
Eurycomanone-rich Standardised Herbal Extract
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Standardised water extract of E. longifolia used conformed to the MS: 2409:201 and contained eurycomanone (1.36%), total protein (30.5%), total polysaccharide (37.8%), and glycosaponin (52%). Eurycomanone (94.8% purity) was obtained from ChromaDex Inc. (Irvine, CA, USA). Propranolol, estriol, metoprolol tartrate, diethylstil bestrol, erythromycin, atenolol, carbamazepine, propantheline bromide, enalapril, dasatinib, midazolam, terfinadine, alamethicin, uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGA), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD), and chemicals used in reagents and buffer preparations were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Plasma and microsomes from mice and rats were prepared in-house, whilst plasma and microsomes from dog, monkey, and human were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Solvents such as methanol, formic acid, acetonitrile (ACN), and DMSO used were of LC-MS and HPLC grade and were purchased from Fisher Chemicals (Waltham, MA, USA).
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