The antibacterial activity was evaluated using an agar diffusion assay, as described by Buzgaia et al. [61 (link)]. Positive (Streptomycin (100 mg/mL), Streptomycin sulfate–BIO BASIC INC, Canada) and negative (dimethyl sulfoxide, 10% DMSO, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) control discs were similarly prepared and placed on each test plate. All experiments were conducted in triplicates, and the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) was measured in mm.
Streptomycin sulfate
Manufactured by Bio Basic
Sourced in Canada
Streptomycin sulfate is a powder laboratory reagent used in microbiological research and applications. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin sulfate is commonly used as a selective agent in cell culture media to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Streptomycin, by Bio Basic (3 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Rpmi 1640 medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
3 4 5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin 100 x, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Trypsin edta, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Trypan blue, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Mueller hinton broth (mhb), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Mueller hinton agar (mha), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cholesterol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
H2so4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Barium chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sorbitan monostearate span 60, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate tween 60, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rose bengal, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
5 protocols using streptomycin sulfate
1
Antibacterial Agar Diffusion Assay
2
Antibiotic Exposure on Biofilms
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The CO2 profile produced by biofilms grown in the CEMS was used to determine when the biofilms had reached a metabolically-stable state between 24–48 h after inoculation (early steady state biofilms). streptomycin sulfate (Biobasic Inc., Markham, ON, CA) was added directly to sterile medium and the biofilms were exposed to streptomycin concentrations of 4000 mg/l up to 12000 mg/l for 4 h; the physiological half-life of streptomycin in human plasma is 2–4 h, thus a 4-h exposure time was chosen (Clarke, 1986 ). All of the antibiotic exposures were performed at a minimum in duplicates, mostly numerous replicates except for the antibiotic exposures on the two environmental isolates E. asburiae and Enterobacter sp.
3
Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation Protocol
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Streptomycin sulfate and phosphate buffer solution (PBS) were purchased from Bio Basic, Canada. Cholesterol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60), sorbitan monostearate (Span 60), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and chloroform were bought from Merck, Germany. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, penicillin/streptomycin 100X, Trypsin-EDTA, Trypan blue, RPMI 1640 medium, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco, United States. A dialysis membrane (MWCO 12,000 Da) and MTT (dimethylthiazol-2-yl-)-2,5 were received from Sigma-Aldrich (United States). Mueller Hinton broth, Mueller Hinton agar, barium chloride, and H2SO4 were received from Merck, Germany. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 were obtained from the Pasteur Institute of Iran.
4
Isolation of Cellulose-Degrading Fungi from Thailand
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Twenty-two samples of various cellulose-containing substrates, including rice husks, rice husk ash, dried butterfly peas, dried banana stems, organic fertilizer, plant debris, manure, soil, and vermicompost, were randomly collected from two selected locations in Thailand: 1) Rural Farming Happiness Center, Mueang Ratchaburi district, Ratchaburi Province (13°27'N, 99°45'E) and 2) Tha Makham Natural Farming Center, Mueang Kanchanaburi district, Kanchanaburi Province (14°31'N, 99°29'E). All samples were transferred to the laboratory at BIOTEC and maintained at 4°C in a refrigerator.
Modified Czapek-Dox’s agar medium supplemented with 1% (w/v) carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source was applied to isolate cellulose-degrading fungi. This modified medium contained the following (g/l): CMC, 10.0; NaNO3, 2.0; K2HPO4, 1.0; MgSO4, 0.5; KCl, 0.5; FeSO4, 0.01; and agar, 15.0 (pH 6.8). Rose bengal (Sigma-Aldrich, Spain) and 30 ppm streptomycin sulfate (BIO Basic, Markham, Canada) were added to the modified medium. Fungal strains were isolated on the modified media plates and incubated at room temperature (~25–28°C) until fungal appearance. Distinct fungal colonies with different morphological forms, i.e., colony color, texture and margins, were subcultured and preserved on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates for further studies.
Modified Czapek-Dox’s agar medium supplemented with 1% (w/v) carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source was applied to isolate cellulose-degrading fungi. This modified medium contained the following (g/l): CMC, 10.0; NaNO3, 2.0; K2HPO4, 1.0; MgSO4, 0.5; KCl, 0.5; FeSO4, 0.01; and agar, 15.0 (pH 6.8). Rose bengal (Sigma-Aldrich, Spain) and 30 ppm streptomycin sulfate (BIO Basic, Markham, Canada) were added to the modified medium. Fungal strains were isolated on the modified media plates and incubated at room temperature (~25–28°C) until fungal appearance. Distinct fungal colonies with different morphological forms, i.e., colony color, texture and margins, were subcultured and preserved on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates for further studies.
5
Biofilm Streptomycin Exposure Dynamics
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The CO 2 profile produced by biofilms grown in the CEMS was used to determine when the biofilms had reached a metabolically-stable state between 24-48 h after inoculation (early steady state biofilms). streptomycin sulfate (Biobasic Inc. Markham, ON, CA) was added directly to sterile medium and the biofilms were exposed to streptomycin concentrations of 4000 mg/L up to 12000 mg/L for 4 h; the physiological half-life of streptomycin in human plasma is 2-4 h, thus a 4-h exposure time was chosen (Clarke, 1986) . All of the antibiotic exposures were performed at a minimum in duplicates, except for the antibiotic exposures on the two environmental isolates E. asburiae and Enterobacter sp.
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