Twenty four molecules were used to evaluate their in vitro activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff. Gallic acid, vanillin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, tyrosol, protochatechuic acid, rutin, catechin oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain), the luteolin, lueolin-7- O -glucoside, apigenine, versbascoside, quercetin and the ursolic acid were purchased from Extrasynthese (Cymit quimica, Barcelona, Spain), as for the oleanolic and maslinic acids they were isolated and purified from olive leaf extraction accordingly to Sifaoui et al, (2014a) [5 (link)]. Stock solutions have been prepared by dissolving the molecules in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma Aldrich (Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain) at a concentration of 10 mg/ml.
M coumaric acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
M-coumaric acid is a chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It is a phenol derivative with a carboxylic acid functional group. M-coumaric acid is commonly used as a standard reference material in analytical procedures.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
P coumaric acid, by Merck Group (18 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (14 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
O coumaric acid, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Syringic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Protocatechuic acid, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Naringenin, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
P hydroxybenzoic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Ellagic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Salicylic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Gentisic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
22 protocols using m coumaric acid
1
Antiamoebic Activity of Phenolic Compounds
2
Phenolic Characterization and Enzyme Inhibition
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All of the solvents were analytical grade, of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) quality (>99%) and were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water (DIW) was used for the extractions and was of Milli-Q quality for liquid chromatography (LC) and UV-VIS spectrophotometric measurements. The delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside was purchased from Phytolab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). The phenolic acid standards (protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, Dorset, UK). The acarbose was purchased from J&K (Beijing, China), α-Amylase solution from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) from Fluorochem (Hadfield, UK) and Na-K tartrate tetrahydrate (p. A.) from Chemsolute (Roskilde, Denmark). All of these pure standards were used for identification and quantification purposes.
3
Comprehensive Chemical Reagents Protocol
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Sodium bicarbonate, potassium persulphate, sodium acetate, acetic acid and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Qualigens (Mumbai, India), and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and methanol from Merk (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium chloride was procured from HiMedia Laboratories (Mumbai, India). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH), ascorbic acid, and all polyphenolic standards (i.e. rutin hydrate, phloridzin dihydrate, p-coumaric acid, (+)-catechin hydrate, gallic acid, quercetin dihydrate, 3-hydroxybenzoicacid, 4-hydroxybezoicacid, ellagic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, trans-cinnamic acid and chlorogenic acid) and alkaloids (i.e. berberine and palmatine) were procured from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, United States). All chemicals were of analytical or HPLC grade and the solutions were prepared with methanol and lab ultrapure water (Rions India Lab Water Systems, India).
4
Quantification of Phenolic Compounds
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Protocatechuic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, enterodiol, urolithin-A, and urolithin-B were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dihydroresveratrol and the internal standard (+) cis, trans-abscisic acid D6 were obtained from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, and enterolactone from Fluka (St. Louis, MO, USA). The reagents were purchased from the following commercial suppliers: methanol and acetonitrile of HPLC grade from Sigma-Aldrich, formic acid (≥98%) from Panreac Química S.A. (Barcelona, Spain), and ultrapure water (Milli-Q) generated by a Millipore system (Bedford, MA, USA).
5
Analytical Standards for Chromatographic Analysis
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Ultra-pure water (18 mΩ) was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore Co., Ltd., Milford, MA, USA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade methanol, acetic acid, and 56 analytical standards, including catechinic, scopolin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechinic, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, purerarin, syringic acid, daidzin, glycitin, scopoletin, eriocitrin, umbelliferone, p-coumaric acid, dihydroquercetin, sinapic acid, genistin, liquiritin, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, rutin, isoferulic acid, m-coumaric acid, naringin, hesperidin, resveratrol, xanthotoxol, silydianin, sinapyl alcohol, o-coumaric acid, liquiritigenin, kaempferol, 2’-hydroxygenistein, eriodictyol, daidzein, psoralen, glycitein, quercetin, didymin, bergaptol, naringenin, luteolin, cinnamic_acid, hesperetin, genistein, bergapten, diosmetin, isoliquiritigenin, coumestrol, sinensetin, formononetin, medicarpin, imperatorin, biochanin A, tangeretin, and rotenone (displayed in Table S2 ), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. The stock solutions of these authentic standards were 10.0 mg of each standard dissolved in 10 mL methanol. Then, the stock solutions were diluted to various concentrations before analysis. All stock solutions were sealed with Parafilm® and stored in a −20 °C freezer.
6
Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
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Gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, m-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, quercitrin, myricetin, resveratrol, morin, quercetin, naringenin, apigenin, vanillic acid, kaempferol, formic acid, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), cobalamin (B12), ascorbic acid, linolenic acid (F), tocopherol (E), menadione (K3), menaquinone (K2), phylloquinone (K1), cholecalciferol (D3), retinol (A), retinoic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade water were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical reagent grade.
7
Analytical Methods for Phenolic Compounds
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Reagents of Mass Spectrometry grade, including acetonitrile, methanol, water, and formic acid, were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Also, Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. Analyzed phenols included protocatechuic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, gallic acid, o-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, ellagic acid, vitexin, rutin, (+)-catechin, apigenin, kaempferol, orientin, naringenin, myricetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin, and its derivativeswere purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).
8
Phenolic Standards for HPLC Analysis
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The 23 phenolic standards (STDs) used in this study (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, naringin, myricetin, resveratrol, trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, hesperetin, formononetin, and biochanin A) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). DPPH radical, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 0.1 N) was purchased from Daejung Chemical & Materials Co. Ltd. (Gyeonggi-Do, Korea). Water and methanol (MeOH) were obtained from Fisher Scientific Korea Ltd. (Seoul, Korea). Acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Glacial acetic acid was obtained from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). All the solvents used for sample extraction and instrumental analyses were of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical grade.
9
Antioxidant Compound Analysis Protocol
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2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, m-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, quercitrin, myricetin, resveratrol, morin, quercetin, naringenin, apigenin, vanillic acid, kaempferol, and formic acid were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Aluminum chloride, anhydrous sodium sulfate, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, methanol, n-hexane, sodium carbonate, and sodium nitrite were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All other chemicals used in the experiments were of analytical grade, and deionized water was used throughout.
10
In Vitro Evaluation of Dried Plum Bioactives
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Dried plums were supplied by the California Dried Plum Board, the same source of dried plums used in previous in vivo experiments (23 (link)–25 (link), 27 (link)–30 (link)). DMEM; minimum essential medium, α modification (α-MEM); penicillin/streptomycin (P/S); L-glutamine; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT); RANKL; macrophage colony–stimulating factor (M-CSF); LPS; TNF-α and the standards for LC/MS identification of phytochemicals in the fractions (i.e., chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quinic acid, o-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, quercetin, rutin, sorbic acid, and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. FBS was purchased from Gibco, and collagenase was purchased from Worthington.
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