Nomifensine maleate

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Hungary

Nomifensine maleate is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) with antidepressant properties. The core function of nomifensine maleate is to inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which plays a role in the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

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Nomifensine (22 citations) Nomifensine maleate (NOM) (3 citations)

8 protocols using nomifensine maleate

Dopamine Receptor Modulator Preparation

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DA hydrochloride (Lot# BCBG8676V), pramipexole dihydrochloride (Batch# 0000069160), (±)-7-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin hydrobromide (7-OH-DPAT, Lot# 037M4153V), desipramine hydrochloride (Lot# 107K0730) and nomifensine maleate (Lot# 087K4064) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). SB277011A dihydrochloride (Batch# 3B/219051) was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Purified (18.2 MΩ) water was used to prepare all aqueous solutions. The artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) modified for zebrafish contained 131 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1.25 mM KH₂PO₄, 20 mM NaHCO₃, 2 mM MgSO₄, 10 mM glucose, 2.5 mM CaCl₂·H₂O, and 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4). Perchloric acid (0.2 M) was used to prepare the DA stock solutions and aCSF without glucose was used to dilute the stock solutions for electrode calibrations. Stock solutions of 50 μM 7-OH-DPAT, 50 μM pramipexole, 10 μM nomifensine, and 10 μM SB277011A, were freshly prepared before each experiment. 7-OH-DPAT and SB277011A stock solutions were prepared in DMSO and nomifensine and pramipexole stock solutions were prepared in aCSF.

Hettiarachchi P, & Johnson M.A. (2022). Characterization of D3 Autoreceptor Function in Whole Zebrafish Brain with Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. ACS chemical neuroscience, 13(19), 2863-2873.

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Bupropion and Nomifensine Modulate Striatal Responses

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All procedures involving animals were approved by the University of Pittsburgh Animal Care and Use Committee. Rats (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250–450g, Charles River Inc., Wilmington, MA) were anesthetized with isoflurane (2.5% by volume O₂), placed in a stereotaxic frame (David Kopf, Tujunga, CA), and connected to an isothermal blanket (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA). Carbon fiber electrodes and stimulating electrodes (MS303/a, Plastics One, Roanoke, VA) were implanted in the dorsal striatum and ipsilateral medial forebrain bundle. The stimulus waveform was a biphasic constant current square wave (2 ms pulses, 60 Hz, 250 μA, 200 ms, 1s, or 3 s in duration) delivered with a stimulus isolation unit (Neurolog 800, Digitimer, Letchworth Garden City, UK). For Figs 3 and 8, evoked responses were recorded before and after i.p. administration of 80 mg/kg bupropion hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis MO). For Figs 2, 3, and 8, evoked responses evoked responses were recorded before and after i.p. administration of 20 mg/kg nomifensine maleate (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis MO).

Walters S.H., Shu Z., Michael A.C, & Levitan E.S. (2020). Regional Variation in Striatal Dopamine Spillover and Release Plasticity. ACS chemical neuroscience, 11(6), 888-899.

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Dopamine Transporter Binding Assay

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D-Glucose was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI). [³H]DA (3,4-ethyl-2[N-³H] dihydroxyphenylethylamine; specific activity, 31 Ci/mmol), and [³H]WIN 35,428 (−)-3β-(4-flurophentl)-tropan-2β-carboxylic acid methyl ester tartrate; specific activity, 85 Ci/mmol) were purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Boston, MA). L-Ascorbic acid, bovine serum albumin, pyrocatechol, α-D-Glucose, HEPES, nomifensine maleate, desipramine hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochlorine, pargyline hydrochloride, and sucrose were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All other chemicals were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA).

Bertrand S.J., Mactutus C.F., Harrod S.B., Moran L.M, & Booze R.M. (2018). HIV-1 proteins dysregulate motivational processes and dopamine circuitry. Scientific Reports, 8, 7869.

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Preparation and Use of Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors

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DHβE and lidocaine were obtained from Tocris Biosciences or Ascent Scientific. Cocaine hydrochloride and nomifensine maleate were obtained from Sigma. Methylphenidate (Ritalin™) was obtained from Novartis. All drugs were dissolved in either de-ionised water, aqueous acid (nomifensine maleate) or ethanol (lidocaine) to make stock aliquots at 1000–10,000x final concentration and stored at −20 °C prior to use. DA uptake inhibitors were used at standard concentrations that have detectable outcomes on uptake kinetics concentrations but are lower than those that lead to run-down of release and/or have non-selective effects as local anaesthetics or at nAChRs^{34 (link),72 (link),73}.

Condon M.D., Platt N.J., Zhang Y.F., Roberts B.M., Clements M.A., Vietti-Michelina S., Tseu M.Y., Brimblecombe K.R., Threlfell S., Mann E.O, & Cragg S.J. (2019). Plasticity in striatal dopamine release is governed by release-independent depression and the dopamine transporter. Nature Communications, 10, 4263.

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Microdialysis Probe Perfusion Fluids

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Chemicals (disodium EDTA, sodium acetate, sodium 1-octanesulfonate (SOS), acetonitrile, glacial acetic acid, NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, MgCl₂, and NaH₂PO₄) were purchased from either Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ) or Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and used as received. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate was from APP Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC, Lake Zurich IL. Ultra-pure water used was filtered using a Millipore Mili-Q Synthesis A10 system (Belford, MA).
Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF: 142 mM NaCl, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.0 mM MgCl₂, and 2.0 mM NaH₂PO₄, pH 7.4) was used as the perfusion fluid for the microdialysis probes. The high K⁺ aCSF solutions were kept isotonic by lowering the Na⁺ concentration (60 mM K⁺ aCSF: 84.7 mM NaCl, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 60 mM KCl, 1.0 mM MgCl₂, and 2.0 mM NaH₂PO₄. 100 mM K⁺ aCSF: 44.7 mM NaCl, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 100 mM KCl, 1.0 mM MgCl₂, and 2.0 mM NaH₂PO₄). Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (APP Pharmaceuticals LLC, Schaumburg, IL) and nomifensine maleate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were diluted in aCSF. The microdialysis perfusion fluids were filtered with Nalgene sterile filter units (Fisher, Pittsburgh, PA; PES 0.2 μm pores).

Ngo K.T., Varner E.L., Michael A.C, & Weber S.G. (2017). Monitoring Dopamine Responses to Potassium Ion and Nomifensine by in vivo Microdialysis with Online Liquid Chromatography at One-Minute Resolution. ACS chemical neuroscience, 8(2), 329-338.

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Radiolabeled Dopamine and Enhancer Drugs

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[³H]Dopamine (dihydroxyphenylethylamine-3,4[³H], specific activity: 27.8 Ci/mmol), Soluene-350 tissue solubilizer, and Ultima Gold XR liquid scintillation reagent were obtained from PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA). (−)BPAP (R-(−)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propyl-aminopentane HCl) was obtained from Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan. Other enhancer drugs (−)PPAP (R-(−)-1-(phenyl-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane HCl), (−)IPAP (R-(−)-1-(indol-3-yl)-2-propylaminopentane)) were also donated by the Fujimoto Pharmaceutical Co., EPPTB (Ro5212773, N-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-3-trifluoromethylbenzamide), tetrabenazine, nomifensine maleate, and β-phenylethylamine HCl (PEA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co, Budapest, Hungary, 3-hydroxytyramine HCl was purchased from Merck, Germany. Ro31-8220 mesylate and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were obtained from Bio-Techne R and D Kft, Budapest, Hungary. N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) was a product of Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Hungary. N,α-Diethylphenethylamine HCl (DEA) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals, North York, ON, Canada. (±)Amphetamine HCl and (±)methamphetamine HCl were received from Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. All other chemicals were of analytical grade.

Harsing LG J.r., Knoll J, & Miklya I. (2022). Enhancer Regulation of Dopaminergic Neurochemical Transmission in the Striatum. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(15), 8543.

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Radioligand Binding Assay Reagents

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[³H]5-HT (5-[1,2-³H(N)-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate; specific activity, 27.1 Ci/mmol) and [³H]DA (3,4-ethyl-2 [N-³H] dihydroxyphenylethylamine; specific activity, 31 Ci/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer Life Sciences (Boston, MA). 5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate (5-HT), dopamine HCl, desipramine HCl, nomifensine maleate,1-(2-bis(4-fluorphenyl)-methoxy)-ethyl-4-(3-phenyl-propyl) piperazine HCl (GBR 12909), fluoxetine HCl, pargyline HCl, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), catechol, L-ascorbic acid and D-glucose were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Paroxetine HCl was provided generously by Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Surrey, UK). All other chemicals were purchased from Fisher Scientific Co. (Pittsburgh, PA).

Yates J.R., Darna M., Gipson C.D., Dwoskin L.P, & Bardo M.T. (2015). Dissociable Roles of Dopamine and Serotonin Transporter Function in a Rat Model of Negative Urgency. Behavioural brain research, 291, 201-208.

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Voltammetric Dopamine Measurement in Microdialysis

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All solutions were prepared with ultrapure water (Nanopure; Barnstead, Dubuque, IA). Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF: 142 mM NaCl, 1.2 mM CaCl₂, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.0 mM MgCl₂, 2.0 mM NaH₂PO₄, pH 7.4) was used for voltammetric DA calibration and as the perfusion fluid of the microdialysis probe. Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (APP Pharmaceuticals LLC, Schaumburg, IL) was diluted in aCSF. The perfusion fluids for microdialysis were filtered with Nalgene sterile filter units (Fisher, Pittsburgh, PA; PES 0.2 μm pores). Nomifensine maleate and S(−)raclopride (+)-tartrate (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS: 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH₂PO₄, 10 mM Na₂HPO₄, pH 7.4) and administered at 20 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg (i.p.) respectively. DA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) standards were prepared in N₂-purged aCSF for electrode calibration.

Varner E.L., Jaquins-Gerstl A, & Michael A.C. (2016). Enhanced Intracranial Microdialysis by Reduction of Traumatic Penetration Injury at the Probe Track. ACS chemical neuroscience, 7(6), 728-736.

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