Lipopolysaccharide

The murine BV-2 cells (identification by STR) used in all experiments were purchased from Procell Inc., Wuhan, China. The cells were maintained in high-glucose Dulbecco Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM, HyClone, USA) and supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Sijiqing, Hangzhou, China) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution (Procell, Wuhan, China) at 37°C and 5% CO₂ in a humidified incubator. For all experiments, BV-2 cells were used at 70 to 85% confluency. Before treatment, the medium was replaced with DMEM containing sodium palmitate (Aladdin, Shanghai, China). Low-endotoxin and fatty acid-free bovine serum album (BSA) was purchased from three different manufacturers (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat#SRE0098, endotoxin < 3EU/mg) (Beyotime, Shanghai, China. Cat#ST025, endotoxin < 0.01EU/mg) (Lanso, Zhejiang, China; Cat#AS33654, endotoxin < 0.1EU/mg). Lipopolysaccharide was obtained from Beyotime Inc., Shanghai, China.

This study was approved by the institutional review board of Hebei Medical University (No. 2020055), which was conformed to the standards set by the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all donors for their participation and publication of their data in accordance with the guidelines verified and approved by Hebei Medical University. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from Hebei Blood Center (Shijiazhuang, China). Then, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained by the attachment method and were allowed to adhere to plastic culture dishes for 2 h at 37 °C. Next, the attached cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 ng·mL⁻¹ lipopolysaccharide (Beyotime, Shanghai, China), 50 ng·mL⁻¹ human recombinant granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF; Pepro Tech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA), 20 ng·mL⁻¹ human recombinant IL‐4 (PeproTech), 100 U·mL⁻¹ recombinant human IL‐2 (PeproTech), 2 mml‐glutamine, and 50 mm 2‐mercaptoethanol. After 6 days of culture, tumor cell antigen lysates (equivalent to 1 × 10⁷ tumor cells per mL) were added, after which the cells were cultured for another 24 h.
In this study, some experimental groups were treated with a Gal‐3 inhibitor at a concentration of 1 μm in DMSO or atezolizumab at a concentration of 100 nm (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA).

Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), Na₂CO₃, ethanol, methanol, ammoniumhydroxide (NH₃·H₂O), hexadecyl-trimethyl-ammoniumbromide (CTAB) and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) were purchased from SinopharmChemReagent Co., Ltd. (China). Metformin, lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) and Recombinant Murine IFN-γ were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Murine IL-4 was provided by PeproTech Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China). Polyclonal antibodies CD47, CD80 and CD206 were obtained from Proteintech Group, Inc. (Wuhan, China). Coumarin-6 was ordered from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Mouse Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Mouse IL-10 ELISA kit was provided by ABclonal Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). ELISA kits of Mouse iNOS and Mouse Arg-1 were obtained from Jonln Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). FITC-Anti-Mouse CD80 Antibody, FITC-Anti-Mouse CD206 and APC-Anti-Mouse CD206 Antibody were provided by Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). β-Actin, AMPKα (D63G4) Rabbit mAb and Phospho-AMPKα (Thr172) (40H9) Rabbit mAb were ordered from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (MA, USA). DSPE-PEG-M2pep was purchased from SunLipo NanoTech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).