Omegavan

Nutrition support included enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN). Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was provided during the first few days after ileostomy, jejunostomy, or anastomosis. The “all-in-one” solution contained lipids (Omegavan®, Fresenius Kabi or Lipofundin®, B. Braun Melsungen), amino acids (18AA-11; Treeful, Shanghai, China), a glucose solution, minerals, trace elements (Addamel; Fresenius Kabi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), water-soluble vitamins (Soluvit; Fresenius Kabi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), and fat-soluble vitamins (Vitalipid; Fresenius Kabi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China) and was infused continuously via peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) or central venous catheters (CVCs) by infusion pumps (SN-1500H, Shenzhen, China). We replaced the medium chain triglyceride/long chain triglyceride (MCT/LCT)-based lipids with fish oil-based lipids (Omegavan; Fresenius Kabi, Jiangsu, China) when the levels of any three of the seven liver indicators were two times higher than normal. Enteral nutrition (breast milk, hydrolyzed formula, or amino acid-based formula) was introduced by pumping for 1–3 h through a nasal tube every 3 h, and advanced gradually based on intestinal tolerance. PN was decreased and weaned off when EN increased sufficiently to sustain adequate growth.