The LPS was isolated applying the hot phenol-water method
55 , followed by dialysis against distilled water until the phenol scent was gone. Then samples were treated with
DNase (1mg/100 mg LPS) plus RNase (2 mg/100 mg LPS) at 37°C for 2 h, followed by
Proteinase K treatment (1 mg/100 mg LPS) at 60°C for 1 h [all enzymes from Serva, Germany]. Subsequently, samples were dialyzed again for 2 more days, then freeze dried. Such LPS samples were then hydrolyzed with 1% aqueous acetic acid (100°C, 90 min) and ultra-centrifuged for 16 h at 4°C and 150,000
g. Resulting supernatants (the O-antigens) were dissolved in water and freeze-dried. For further purification, the crude O-antigen samples were chromatographed on TSK HW-40 eluted with pyridine/acetic acid/water (10/4/1000, by vol.), then lyophilized. On these samples, 1D and 2 D (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC)
1H- and
13C-NMR spectra were recorded with a Bruker
DRX Avance 700 MHz spectrometer (
1H: 700.75 MHz;
13C: 176.2 MHz) as described
56 (link).
Diard M., Bakkeren E., Lentsch V., Rocker A., Bekele N.A., Hoces D., Aslani S., Arnoldini M., Böhi F., Schumann-Moor K., Adamcik J., Piccoli L., Lanzavecchia A., Stadtmueller B.M., Donohue N., van der Woude M.W., Hockenberry A., Viollier P.H., Falquet L., Wüthrich D., Bonfiglio F., Loverdo C., Egli A., Zandomeneghi G., Mezzenga R., Holst O., Meier B.H., Hardt W.D, & Slack E. (2021). A rationally designed oral vaccine induces Immunoglobulin A in the murine gut that directs the evolution of attenuated Salmonella variants. Nature microbiology, 6(7), 830-841.