Anderson cascade impactor

Manufactured by Copley Scientific

Sourced in United Kingdom

The Anderson Cascade Impactor is a laboratory instrument used for the particle size analysis of aerosols. It separates airborne particles into size fractions based on their aerodynamic behavior, allowing for the determination of the particle size distribution.

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Lab products found in correlation

Handihaler, by Boehringer Ingelheim (1 mentions)

5 protocols using anderson cascade impactor

Evaluating Ciprofloxacin Dry Powder Inhaler

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Aerodynamic particle size distribution was determined using a seven-stage Anderson Cascade Impactor (Copley Scientific Ltd., Nottingham, UK). The flow rate was set to 60 L⋅min⁻¹.
During the process, the aerosol moved along seven size stages according to the diameter of the particles and was then washed by methanol/phosphate buffer (60/40 v/v %) to collect the deposited drug. All samples were investigated by UV/VIS spectrometry at 271 nm.
The fine particle fraction (FPF) was established as the number of particles deposited at stage 2 and lower (≤5 μm), divided by the total initial amount of the particles filled in the inhaler (10 mg). The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was defined based on the graph as the particle size at which the line crossed the 50th percentile, indicating the particle diameter at which 50% of the aerosol particles by mass are larger and 50% are smaller.27 (link) Drug-emitted dose (ED), defined as the percentage of CIP exiting the DPI, was determined by subtracting the amount of CIP remaining in the DPI from the initial mass of CIP loaded. To determine the drug content, 10 mg of the ciprofloxacin-bearing spray-dried microparticles was dissolved in methanol/phosphate buffer (60/40) and analyzed by UV spectroscopy.

Karimi K., Pallagi E., Szabó-Révész P., Csóka I, & Ambrus R. (2016). Development of a microparticle-based dry powder inhalation formulation of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride applying the quality by design approach. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 10, 3331-3343.

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Deposition Pattern Analysis of DPI Formulations

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Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI; Copley Scientific, Nottingham, UK) was used to analyse the deposition pattern of DPI formulations. All capsules had the same amount of CFX dose of 30 mg and were filled in HPMC size 3 capsules which were loaded in a RS01 DPI device prior to testing. Flow meter was attached to the induction port to verify a flow rate of 60 L/min. Once flow rate of 60 L/min was achieved the RS01 DPI device was connected to the induction port which was then followed by releasing the dose from the device. The cut-off sizes for the ACI plates using 60 L/min as from stage 1 to stage 8 were as follows: 8.6, 6.5, 4.4, 3.3, 2, 1.1, 0.54 and 0.25 μm. After each run, each ACI stage plate was rinsed with 30 mL 3% acetic Acid. Concentration of CFX was then analysed using UV spectrophotometer (Jenway, Staffordshire, UK) at 278 nm absorbance. All experiments were conducted in triplicate.

Mohammed A., Zurek J., Madueke S., Al-Kassimy H., Yaqoob M., Houacine C., Ferraz A., Kalgudi R., Zariwala M.G., Hawkins N, & Al-Obaidi H. (2020). Generation of High Dose Inhalable Effervescent Dispersions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. Pharmaceutical Research, 37(8), 150.

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In vitro Respiratory Fraction Estimation

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In vitro estimation of respiratory fraction was carried out using Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI) (Copley Scientific, Nottingham, UK), which consisted of an initiation port (IP), pre-separator (PS), seven stages and a final collection filter. Based on the results of formulation optimization study mentioned above, 3 mL of selected test arginine formulation was nebulized by jet nebulizer (American Bantex Corp., Alphaneb Plus nebulizer, NJ, USA) through a spacer that was in turn connected to initiation port of the ACI. Nebulization was performed for 10 min and the wash solutions from initiation port, pre-separator deposit, and various stages of ACI were collected and quantified for drug content by high-performance liquid chromatography (Quaternary HPLC system, Shimadzu, Japan). Respirable fraction was calculated as the ratio of percentage of total drug deposited in the lower stages of the ACI (stage 1 to filter) to total theoretical dose, describing the percentage of aerosolized drug deposited deeply into the lungs.

Rathor V.P., Chugh P., Ali R., Bhatnagar A., Haque S.E., Bhatnagar A, & Mittal G. (2015). Formulation, preclinical and clinical evaluation of a new submicronic arginine respiratory fluid for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ, 24(1), 49-56.

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Aerodynamic Characterization of Microparticles

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The aerodynamic behavior of microparticles was determined using an Anderson cascade impactor (Copley Scientific, Nottingham, UK) equipped with an induction port and pre-separator that fractionates the particles according to their aerodynamic diameter. Briefly, 20 mg of microparticles were added to the Size “2” hard gelatin capsule (Gelcap Pakistan LTD, Karachi, Pakistan). The filled capsule was introduced into the sample chamber of Handihaler^® (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany), pierced to activate the powder for inhalation into ACI. The airflow rate was modulated in such a way to produce a pressure drop of 4 kPa over the Handihaler, for the duration (T = 240/Qout, in seconds) consistent with the withdrawal of 4 L of air from the mouthpiece of the inhaler within the ACI. The capsule content was discharged from Handihaler^® by piercing the hard gelatin capsule, the amount of drug deposited in each stage of ACI was rinsed with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), dissolved properly, filtered and analyzed for rifampicin content following analytical protocol as mentioned for drug content analysis. The data was then processed to determine matrices that include mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), geometric standard deviation (GSD), fine particle fraction (FPF) and a respirable fraction (RF).

Naz F.F., Shah K.U., Niazi Z.R., Zaman M., Lim V, & Alfatama M. (2022). Polymeric Microparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation for Pulmonary Delivery of Rifampicin. Polymers, 14(12), 2491.

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Particle Size Analysis of Aerosolized Medication

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A cooled Anderson cascade impactor (Copley Scientific, Nottingham, United Kingdom) was used to determine the particle droplet size distribution of the aerosolized medication delivered. The Anderson cascade impactor, with its plates in situ, was placed in a refrigerator at 5°C for 60 min before use. 10 Immediately after removing the Anderson cascade impactor from the refrigerator, the inhalation flow was adjusted to 15 L/min and the induction port of the Anderson cascade impactor was connected directly into the mouthpiece of the nebulizer-adapter combination and was tested, as shown in Figure 3. The vacuum

Sarhan R.M., Elberry A.A., Abdelwahab N.S., Rabea H., Salem M.N, & Abdelrahim M.E. (2018). Effect of a Nebulizer Holding Chamber on Aerosol Delivery. Respiratory care, 63(9).

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