Rhodamine 110 chloride

Rhodamine B chloride, rhodamine 110 chloride, rhodamine 123, phosphate buffered saline (10× concentrate, 0.2 µM filtered), sodium tetraphenylborate [Na][TPB], dichloromethane (DCM), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1-octanol, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), citric acid monohydrate, and sodium phosphate dibasic were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ([Li][BETI]) was obtained from Ionic Liquid Technologies (Tuscaloosa, Al, USA). Triply deionized water was obtained using an Aires High Purity Water System (Port Allen, LA, USA). The MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay was purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, WI, USA). TEM grids were purchased from Ted Pella (Redding, CA, USA). SNAFR-5 dye was provided to us by one of our coauthors, Dr. Robert Strongin (Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA).

C₁₁(C=O)EO₁₅–CH₃, MPD (Nikko Chemicals, assay 99%),
C₁₂EO₁₅, PDE (Nikko Chemicals, assay +99%),
dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (DDAO, Sigma-Aldrich, 30% aqueous solution),
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, Sigma-Aldrich, assay 99%), propylene
carbonate (PC, Sigma-Aldrich, assay 99%), 2-butanone (MEK, Sigma-Aldrich,
purity 99%), 2-butanol (BuOH, Sigma-Aldrich, assay >99%), ethyl
acetate
(EtAc, Sigma-Aldrich, ACS Reagents, assay ≥99.5%), and the
fluorescent probes used for CLSM experiments, i.e., rhodamine 110
chloride, Nile red, coumarin 6 (Sigma-Aldrich, purity >98−99%),
and Bodipy 558/568 C12 (4,4-difluoro-5-(2- thienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-dodecanoic acid) (Thermo Fisher) were used
without further purification. Water was purified with a Millipore
Milli-Q gradient system (resistivity >18 MΩ cm). Carbon black,
iron oxide (ochre), silica, kaolin, gelatin powder, Japanese paper
(9.6 g/m²), poly(ethyl methacrylate/methyl acrylate) [p(EMA/MA)],
Paraloid B72, pellets, and cellulose powder (Arbocel BC200, J. Rettenmaier
& Sohne, Gmbh) were purchased from Zecchi, Florence. Soluble starch,
cement, olive oil, mineral oil, and white spirit were commercially
available and thus purchased in non-specialized stores.

H-PVA (polyvinyl alcohol with hydrolysis
degree, HD, 98% and M_w 160 kDa), L-PVA
(polyvinyl alcohol with HD 88% and M_w 100
kDa), and PVP (polyvinyl pyrrolidone, M_w 1300 kDa) for the hydrogel preparation were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Water for the hydrogels preparation was purified through a Millipore
system (resistivity > 18 MΩ cm). The following fluorescent
dyes
were used in CLSM or FCS calibration/measurements: fluorescein isothiocyanate
isomer I (FITC, purity ≥ 90%, Sigma-Aldrich); rhodamine B isothiocyanate
(RBITC, mixed isomers, Sigma-Aldrich); rhodamine 110 chloride (purity
≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich); Alexa Fluor 568 (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
The tartrazine (Dye content ≥ 85%, Sigma-Aldrich) was used
in the dye uptake, diffusion kinetics, and cleaning test experiments.
All the chemicals were used as received, without further purification.