Pupils were dilated using tropicamide 0.5% (Mydriacyl; Alcon Laboratories, NSW, Australia). A DTL-like electrode (22/1 dtex; Shieldex Trading, Palmyra, NY) was placed along the lower lid margin with reference and ground gold-cup skin electrodes (Grass Technologies, Astro-Med Inc., West Warwick, RI) placed on the temple and forehead, respectively. Participants were adapted to ambient light in the clinic for at least 10 minutes, followed by preadaptation to the blue background light (photopic 10 cd/m2) for 1 minute before testing. Monocular, full-field stimulation was produced using the RETeval (LKC Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD). The stimulus consisted of brief (<4 ms), red-flashes (1.6 cd.s/m2) on a steady blue background (photopic 10 cd/m2); 50 flashes were delivered at a frequency of 2 Hz. The recording was repeated if there were excessive artefacts or noise. Photopic luminance was calibrated using an International Light photometer (model ILT-1700; International Light Technologies, Newburyport, MA). Signals were acquired at a sampling frequency of 2 kHz and extracted for offline processing using Matlab (R2016b; Mathworks, Natick, MA).
Mydriacyl
Manufactured by Alcon
Sourced in United States, Belgium, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, Egypt
Mydriacyl is a pharmaceutical product used in ophthalmology. It is a mydriatic agent that dilates the pupil, allowing for improved examination and treatment of the eye.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Alcaine, by Alcon (7 mentions)
Proparacaine hydrochloride, by Alcon (4 mentions)
Celeris erg system, by Diagnosys (4 mentions)
Mydfrin, by Alcon (3 mentions)
Ketamine, by Troy Laboratories (3 mentions)
Xylazine, by Troy Laboratories (3 mentions)
Dormitor, by Pfizer (2 mentions)
Erg machine, by Diagnosys (2 mentions)
Tears naturale 2, by Alcon (2 mentions)
Tobradex, by Alcon (2 mentions)
Espion erg apparatus, by Diagnosys (2 mentions)
Ground gold cup skin electrodes, by Natus (1 mentions)
Reteval, by LKC Technologies (1 mentions)
Matlab, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Reti animal, by Roland Consult (1 mentions)
Medetomidine, by Pfizer (1 mentions)
Tobramycin ointment, by Alcon (1 mentions)
Proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5, by Alcon (1 mentions)
Balanced salt solution, by Alcon (1 mentions)
Vitra, by Lumibird Medical (1 mentions)
58 protocols using mydriacyl
1
Photopic flash electroretinography protocol
2
Comprehensive Animal Health Monitoring in Toxicological Studies
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Animals were visually inspected for evidence of ill health or reaction to test item at least twice daily on nondosing days and at least five times daily on dosing days. Any deviation from normal was recorded at the time with regard to nature and severity, date and time of onset, and duration and progress of the observed condition, as appropriate. Injection sites were inspected daily and all animals had at least a weekly physical examination. Body weight and food consumption were recorded weekly. Ophthalmoscopy was performed with a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope using Mydriacyl® (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, Texas, USA) to dilate the pupils. The eyes were examined before treatment in all animals in both studies and during the last week of the dosing phases in all main-phase animals of Groups One and Five.
Blood was sampled for toxicokinetic evaluation, antibody analysis, and clinical pathology from the sublingual vein, while the animals were anesthetized using isoflurane. Urine was collected over ~16 hours while the animals were individually housed overnight in a sterilized metabolism cage. The sampling schedule for toxicokinetic evaluation, antibody analysis, and clinical pathology is shown inTable 2 .
Blood was sampled for toxicokinetic evaluation, antibody analysis, and clinical pathology from the sublingual vein, while the animals were anesthetized using isoflurane. Urine was collected over ~16 hours while the animals were individually housed overnight in a sterilized metabolism cage. The sampling schedule for toxicokinetic evaluation, antibody analysis, and clinical pathology is shown in
3
Electrophysiological Recording of Mouse ERG
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ERG was recorded by using the electrophysiological RETI-animal (Roland Consult, Brandenburg, Germany) system as described by us20 (link),22 (link). Briefly, mice were adapted to darkness for 12h. All of the following procedures were performed under deep red illumination. The animals were anaesthetized intraperitoneally with a mixture of Dormitor (1mg/kg medetomidine hydrochloride; Pfizer, UK) and Ketamine. The mice were then placed on a heated platform to keep their body temperature constant (37±0.5 °C) during the measurements. Mouse pupils were dilated using a single drop of 1% Mydriacyl (Alcon, Ontario, Canada). Flash ERG was measured using a gold wire corneal electrode, a forehead reference electrode, and a ground electrode near the tail. A scotopic ERG was obtained from dark-adapted animals at the following increasing light intensities: 0.01 and 3cd-s/m2. A photopic ERG was recorded following 10-minute light adaptation on the background light intensity of 3cd-s/m2. ERG b-wave was measured from the trough of the a-wave to the peak of the positive wave or, when the a-wave was not present, from baseline to the peak of the first positive wave.
4
Induction of Acute Ocular Hypertension in Rodents
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General anesthesia was administered to the animals through intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (8 mg/kg). Topical eye drops were used for desensitizing the cornea, with proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% (Alcaine; Alcon, Ltd., Fort Worth, TX, USA), and dilating the pupil (Mydriacyl, Alcon, Ltd.). AOH was induced according to the procedure used in our previous study (Mi et al., 2012a). Briefly, a micro glass tube, linked to a reservoir of balanced salt solution (Alcon, Ltd.), was inserted into the anterior chamber of one eye/animal for 60 minutes, to increase the intraocular pressure to 90 mmHg and maintain it at that level. To keep the animal’s temperature at 37 ± 0.5°C, a heating pad was used during the surgical procedure. Tobramycin ointment (0.3%; Alcon, Ltd.) was applied to the conjunctival sac to prevent infection after the AOH operation.
5
Scotopic and Photopic Electroretinography
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ERG was recorded using the Celeris ERG system (Diagnosys LLC, Lowell, MA, USA) as described previously by us [20 (link)]. After dark adaption for 12 h, the mice were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (20 mg/kg). The pupils were dilated with 1% mydriacyl (Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA) for 5 min before the test, and 3% Hypromellose lubricating gel solution (Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA) was applied to the cornea. The scotopic ERG was adopted with a gradual increase in light intensities from 0.01, 0.1, 1, to 3 cd·s/m2. After 10 min of light adaption with background light intensity of 30 cd·s/m2, a photopic ERG was performed at 3 and 10 cd·s/m2 light intensity. The amplitudes of a-wave and B-wave were analyzed by the Celeris ERG software (Diagnosys LLC, Lowell, MA, USA).
6
Evaluating Visual Function Pre-Sedation
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Patients, whose parents or guardians provided written approval, were first tested for visual acuity and identification for the presence of strabismus or nystagmus as part of their presedation procedure by an orthoptist. Following this, pupils were dilated with mydriatic eye drops of 1% tropicamide (Mydriacyl; Alcon Laboratories Inc, Fort Worth, TX, USA) and 2.5% phenylephrine (Mydfrin; Alcon Laboratories Inc).
7
Laser-Induced Ocular Hypertension Model
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Tropicamide eye drops (1% Mydriacyl, Alcon) were administered to ensure pupil dilatation.
Next, monocular hypertension in the left eye was induced via LP of the episcleral and perilimbal vessels, as described (Salinas-Navarro et al., 2009a; Valiente-Soriano et al., 2015) .
Briefly, a 532 nm diode laser (Vitra, Quantel Medical) was used to deliver a number of laser burns in one single session. The number of spots, power, and duration of the laser pulse were adjusted according to the mouse strain. For C57Bl/6 mice, the vessels were photocauterized with 140 spots, with a laser power and duration of 100 mW and 0.05 seconds, respectively.
For C57Bl/6-Tyr c mice, the vessels were photocauterized with 100 spots, with a laser power and duration of 200 mW and 0.5 seconds, respectively. For CD-1 mice, the vessels were photocauterized with 70 spots, with a laser power and duration of 300 mW and 0.5 seconds, respectively. Animals were sacrificed at 14 dpi.
Next, monocular hypertension in the left eye was induced via LP of the episcleral and perilimbal vessels, as described (Salinas-Navarro et al., 2009a; Valiente-Soriano et al., 2015) .
Briefly, a 532 nm diode laser (Vitra, Quantel Medical) was used to deliver a number of laser burns in one single session. The number of spots, power, and duration of the laser pulse were adjusted according to the mouse strain. For C57Bl/6 mice, the vessels were photocauterized with 140 spots, with a laser power and duration of 100 mW and 0.05 seconds, respectively.
For C57Bl/6-Tyr c mice, the vessels were photocauterized with 100 spots, with a laser power and duration of 200 mW and 0.5 seconds, respectively. For CD-1 mice, the vessels were photocauterized with 70 spots, with a laser power and duration of 300 mW and 0.5 seconds, respectively. Animals were sacrificed at 14 dpi.
8
Navigated Macular Laser Photocoagulation
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In all eyes of the study, navigated MLP (NAVILAS, OD-OS Inc, Berlin, Germany) with 1% tropicamide (Mydriacyl; Alcon-Couvreur, Puurs, Belgium)-induced mydriasis was planned and performed following RM-SLO and OCT imaging. The MLP-related treatment decisions were to deliver laser to areas of retinal edema, as per Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) guidelines. The parameters used included a spot size of 50 μm, burn spacing of 2 burn-widths apart, and areas to avoid including the optic nerve head and central macular 2000-μm diameter area.
9
Detailed OCT Imaging of Optic Nerve Head
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All examinations were performed in dilated eyes (1% tropicamide (Mydriacyl, Alcon, Colombia)), and the corneas were kept moist with artificial tears (Splash Tears). A Zeiss Cirrus HD-OCT (Software version 3.0.0.64; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) was used for imaging based on protocols described for the species [5 , 18 , 19 (link)]. Photographs were obtained from conscious animals using minimal manual restraint; all animals’ retinal and optic nerve images were recorded. Paracentral B-scans located 3 mm ventral optic disk (visual streaks) to the ONH were acquired. Only scans with an intensity signal >5 and without eye movements were used for analysis; 5 µm axial and 15 µm transversal scans were performed. Scan circles and caliper functions were fitted for ONH measurements. We analyzed the following ONH parameters: average RNFL thickness, disk area, and the vertical and horizontal relationship between the cup, disk, and cup volume. The ganglion cell layer (GCL) was measured in visual streaks using a macular cube; OCT variations were compared throughout the study period.
10
Porcine Anesthesia and Physiological Monitoring
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For a period of 18 h prior to anesthesia, animals were fasted but had free access to water. The animals were preanesthetized with Zoletil, followed by right pupil dilation to >8 mm with a combination of topical 0.4% benoxinate hydrochloride (oxybuprocaine; SAD, Copenhagen, Denmark), 10% phenylephrine hydrochloride (metaoxedrine chloride; SAD), 0.5% tropicamide (Mydriacyl; Alcon, Heinaut, Belgium) and 1% atropine sulfate (SAD). The pigs were endotracheally intubated and artificially ventilated. Artificial ventilation was supplied with 0.5 l/min 100% oxygen and 2.5 l/min atmospheric air. The stroke volume (10 ml/kg) and respiratory frequency (16/min) were maintained at a constant rate. The pigs were anesthetized by administration of intra-venous Propofol 15 mg/kg (B. Braun Melsungen, 10 mg/ml). The pigs were kept hydrated via NaCl i.v. (Fresenius Kabi 9 mg/ml) and body temperature was maintained at 38–39 °C. Heart rate, EKG, carbon dioxide and oxygen saturation levels were monitored.
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