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Nitrofurantoin

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Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic antimicrobial compound used in the laboratory setting. It functions as an inhibitor of bacterial enzymes, preventing the synthesis of essential bacterial proteins and DNA. The core function of Nitrofurantoin is to serve as a research tool for studying the effects of antimicrobial agents on bacterial organisms.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ciprofloxacin, by Merck Group (17 mentions) Chloramphenicol, by Merck Group (10 mentions) Ampicillin, by Merck Group (9 mentions) Gentamicin, by Merck Group (9 mentions) Tetracycline, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Trimethoprim, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Rifampicin, by Merck Group (7 mentions) Cefoxitin, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Cephalexin, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Kanamycin, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Vancomycin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Tobramycin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Penicillin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Erythromycin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Cefotaxime, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Cefuroxime, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Amikacin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Levofloxacin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Miconazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)

48 protocols using nitrofurantoin

1

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Uropathogenic E. coli and P. aeruginosa

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E.coli UTI89 and E.coli CFT073 were obtained from Harry Mobley (University of Michigan); both strains have been sequenced. E.coli UTI89 is a prototypic cystitis isolate (1 (link)) and E. coli CFT073 is a prototypical UPEC isolate cultured from blood and urine of a patient with pyelonephritis (10 (link)). P.aeruginosa-Boston 41501 was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA), and P.aeruginosa-PA01 was obtained from Kevin McIver; only PA01 has been sequenced. Antibiotics (Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin and Nitrofurantoin) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and used at the following concentration ranges: Ciprofloxacin HCl (Cipro: 200 ng/mL and 2 μg/mL), Nitrofurantoin (Nitro: 20 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL), and Ampicillin (Amp: 50 μg/mL). DMSO was used as a solvent to dilute all the antibiotics. The final concentration of DMSO was 0.1%. Biofilm formation was not affected at this low concentration of DMSO.
Gandee L., Hsieh J.T., Sperandio V., Moreira C.G., Lai C.H, & Zimmern P.E. (2015). The efficacy of immediate versus delayed antibiotic administration on bacterial growth and biofilm production of selected strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Brazilian Journal of Urology : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology, 41(1), 67-77.
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2

Selective Cultivation and Antibiotic Screening of Psa

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Psa strains used in this study are listed in S2 and S3 Tables. All Psa strains were streaked from glycerol stocks onto LB agar supplemented with appropriate antibiotics; plates were sealed and grown for 48 h at 22°C. Overnight shaking cultures were grown in LB supplemented with appropriate antibiotics and incubated at 22°C with 200 rpm shaking. LB agar was supplemented with 12.5 μg/mL nitrofurantoin (Sigma Aldrich, New Zealand) and 40 μg/mL cephalexin (Sigma Aldrich) for Psa selection. To select for Psa strains carrying pK18mobsacB, LB agar was supplemented with 50 μg/mL kanamycin. To counter-select against Psa strains carrying pK18mobsacB, LB agar was supplemented with 12.5 μg/mL nitrofurantoin, 40 μg/mL cephalexin, and 5% sucrose (Merck Millipore, New Zealand). To select for Psa strains carrying pBBR1MCS-5B vectors for effector complementation, LB agar was supplemented with 50 μg/mL gentamicin (Sigma Aldrich).
Hemara L.M., Jayaraman J., Sutherland P.W., Montefiori M., Arshed S., Chatterjee A., Chen R., Andersen M.T., Mesarich C.H., van der Linden O., Yoon M., Schipper M.M., Vanneste J.L., Brendolise C, & Templeton M.D. (2022). Effector loss drives adaptation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 to Actinidia arguta. PLoS Pathogens, 18(5), e1010542.
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3

Antibiotic and Nucleoside Compound Acquisition

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Kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, vancomycin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, cephradine, erythromycin, adenosine, guanosine, uridine, thymidine, and cytidine were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).
Tse L., Kang T.M., Yuan J., Mihora D., Becket E., Maslowska K.H., Schaaper R.M, & Miller J.H. (2015). Extreme dNTP Pool Changes and Hypermutability in dcd ndk Strains. Mutation research, 0, 16-24.
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4

Cell Proliferation Assay Protocol

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Nitrofurantoin and pyrimethamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). The CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit was purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, Wisconsin, USA). All the sera, antibiotics, and RPMI 1640 for cell culture were obtained from Invitrogen (Grand Island, New York, USA). All the chemicals were of reagent grade.
Yeo S.J., Jin C., Kim S, & Park H. (2016). In Vitro and in Vivo Effects of Nitrofurantoin on Experimental Toxoplasmosis. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 54(2), 155-161.
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5

Antibiotic Susceptibility Assay for E. coli

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Stock solution of 10 mg mL−1 of four antibiotics, i.e. trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin (Sigma-Aldrich), are prepared by dissolving in dimethyl sulfoxide, diluting in deionized water and filter sterilising (0.22 µm syringe filter, Fisher Scientific). A microdilution assay was also performed on 96-well plates by exposing E. coli TG1 to a serial dilution of trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin, in order to determine the MIC of each drug. The reporter dye resazurin was added to indicate the viability status of the cells46 (link). For more details on the protocol, see Supplementary Information. The MIC measurements were performed with OD = 0.2, i.e., 2 × 108 CFU mL−1, and repeated for four times.
Wang Y., Reardon C.P., Read N., Thorpe S., Evans A., Todd N., Van Der Woude M, & Krauss T.F. (2020). Attachment and antibiotic response of early-stage biofilms studied using resonant hyperspectral imaging. NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes, 6, 57.
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6

Nitroxynil and Oxytocin Pharmacological Protocol

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Reference standard for nitroxynil was purchased from LGC Standards (Teddington, Middlesex, UK). Nitrofurantoin and Lucifer Yellow were supplied by Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ko143 was obtained from Tocris (Bristol, UK). For in vivo studies, nitroxynil (Distomicide® 250 mg/mL) was acquired from Laboratorios Ovejero S.A. (León, Spain), oxytocin (Facilpart®) from Syva (León, Spain) and isoflurane (Isovet®) from Braun VetCare (Barcelona, Spain). All the other chemicals used were of analytical grade and available from commercial sources.
Álvarez-Fernández L., Blanco-Paniagua E, & Merino G. (2024). ABCG2 Transports the Flukicide Nitroxynil and Affects Its Biodistribution and Secretion into Milk. Pharmaceutics, 16(4), 558.
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7

Nitrofurantoin Susceptibility Testing

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Mueller-Hinton broth (Oxoid, England) adjusted with calcium and magnesium (20–25 mg/L Ca2+ and 10–12.5 mg/L Mg2+) was employed for susceptibility testing and all microbiological studies. Stock solutions of nitrofurantoin (Sigma Aldrich, Australia, CAS# 67–20-9) solutions were prepared in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; Sigma Aldrich, Australia, CAS# 68–12-2). nitrofurantoin solutions were filter sterilized using a 0.22 µm filter (Sartorius, Australia).
Hussein M., Sun Z., Hawkey J., Allobawi R., Judd L.M., Carbone V., Sharma R., Thombare V., Baker M., Rao G.G., Li J., Holt K.E, & Velkov T. (2023). High-level nitrofurantoin resistance in a clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae: a comparative genomics and metabolomics analysis. mSystems, 9(1), e00972-23.
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8

Antimicrobial Solution Preparation Protocols

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All antimicrobial solutions were prepared freshly immediately before use. DETA/NO belongs to the family of diazeniumdiolates that consists of a complex of NO bound to a polyamine parent compound that spontaneously decompose in a pH-dependent, first-order process [22 (link)]. Stock solutions of DETA/NO (DETA/NONOate, Alexis Biochemicals, Lausen, Schweiz) were prepared in PBS (Invitrogen; Grand Island N.Y., USA), cefotaxime and polymyxin B nonapeptid (PMBN; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) were prepared in sterile water. Nitrofurantoin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) was prepared in DMSO (Merck, Hohenbrunn, Germany) and miconazole (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) was dissolved in 25% ethanol (70%) and 75% polyetylenglykol 400 while heating for 1 h at 60°C.
Bang C.S., Kinnunen A., Karlsson M., Önnberg A., Söderquist B, & Persson K. (2014). The antibacterial effect of nitric oxide against ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli is improved by combination with miconazole and polymyxin B nonapeptide. BMC Microbiology, 14, 65.
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9

Cytotoxicity and CYP3A4 Enzymatic Assays

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Human hepatoma HuH-7 cells were purchased from Health Science Research Resources Bank, Japan Health Sciences Foundation (Osaka, Japan). HepG2/C3A cells were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA). HepaRG cells were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). Cell culture medium and medium supplements were obtained from Life Technologies. Fetal bovine serum was purchased from Atlanta Biologicals (Lawrenceville, GA). The following compounds (all ≥ 97% purity) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO): dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ketoconazole, nifedipine, troleandomycin, rifampicin, dexathemasone, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), nitrofurantoin, desipramine hydrochloride, troglitazone, nefazodone hydrochloride, bicinchoninic acid, and copper sulfate. P450-Glo CYP3A4 assay (luciferin-IPA substrate), CellTiter-Fluor, and CellTiter-Glo cell viability assays were purchased from Promega (Madison, WI). Supersomes human CYP3A4 plus reductase and b5, NADPH regenerating system, and rat tail collagen type I were obtained from Corning (Corning, NY). RNeasy mini Kit and QIA shredder were purchased from QIAGEN (Valencia, CA). High-capacity cDNA reverse transcription kits, TaqMan gene expression assays (beta-actin, 18S and human CYP3A4), and NucRed Live 647 fluorescent dye were purchased from Life Technologies.
Liu Y., Flynn T.J., Xia M., Wiesenfeld P.L, & Ferguson M.S. (2015). Evaluation of CYP3A4 inhibition and hepatotoxicity using DMSO-treated human hepatoma HuH-7 cells. Cell biology and toxicology, 31(4-5), 221-230.
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10

Antibiotic Susceptibility of E. coli and S. saprophyticus

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E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. saprophyticus ATCC 15305 were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and stored at −80°C in 5% glycerol. Ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The antibiotic powders were stored in the dark at 2 to 8°C.
Zhang F., Jiang J., McBride M., Zhou X., Yang Y., Mo M., Peterman J., Grys T., Haydel S.E., Tao N, & Wang S. (2021). Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing on Clinical Urine Samples by Video-based Object Scattering Intensity Detection. Analytical chemistry, 93(18), 7011-7021.
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