We narrowed the field of view of a spectrometer (HR4000, Ocean Optics, USA) attached to a cosine corrector (CC-3-UV-S, Ocean Optics, USA), using a Gershun tube constructed of matte black construction paper. The tube extended 5 cm beyond the tip of the cosine corrector and had a 6-mm opening. We positioned decoupled female L. sericata wings as described above, keeping the wing and the aperture of the Gershun tube 2 cm apart. At this distance, the spectrometer’s field of view is limited to an 8-mm radius circle. Through this approach, we could maximize the field of view occupied by the wing. We took radiance spectra of (1) the illuminating 100-watt white-light LED, (2) the reflection from the matt black velvet background behind the wings, and (3) the reflectance of the wing oriented to reflect or (4) to not reflect, light towards the opening of the tube.
Cc 3 uv s
Manufactured by OceanOptics
Sourced in United States
The CC-3-UV-S is a compact, integrated light source and detector designed for ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy applications. It features a UV-enhanced spectrometer and a UV light source, providing a complete solution for UV absorbance and transmission measurements.
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Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using cc 3 uv s
1
Spectral Imaging of Fly Wings
2
Measuring Light and Reflectance Spectra
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We measured illumination (vector irradiance impinging the EPS panel) and reflectance spectra of stimuli and background within the range of 300–700 nm (Fig 1 ) using a spectrometer (DT-MINI-2-GS Light Source, Ocean Optics USB 4000, Dunedin, FL, USA). Spectral irradiance was measure using a cosine corrector (CC-3-UV-S, Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) coupled to the optical fibre connected to the spectrometer, after spectrometer calibration with a lamp of known output (LS-1-CAL-220, Ocean Optics). To cover the natural light variation along the day, we took five measurements of irradiance at each of three different positions within the cage at 12:00, 15:00 and 17:00 h and averaged all 45 values.
Reflectance spectra were measured relative to a white standard (WS-1 diffuse reflectance standard, Ocean Optics). For all computations, we used the normalized average of five reflectance measurements. For the red and blue colour stimuli, we used the spectral sensitivity of bumblebees [21 (link)] to compute achromatic green and brightness contrasts relative to the average background (as in [3 ]) and chromatic contrasts according to the colour opponent coding [27 (link)], colour hexagon [28 ] and receptor noise models [27 (link)–30 (link)] (S1 Table ).
Reflectance spectra were measured relative to a white standard (WS-1 diffuse reflectance standard, Ocean Optics). For all computations, we used the normalized average of five reflectance measurements. For the red and blue colour stimuli, we used the spectral sensitivity of bumblebees [21 (link)] to compute achromatic green and brightness contrasts relative to the average background (as in [3 ]) and chromatic contrasts according to the colour opponent coding [27 (link)], colour hexagon [28 ] and receptor noise models [27 (link)–30 (link)] (
3
Characterization of Photodetector Performance
4
Phytotron Climate Simulation Protocol
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In order to apply the most natural conditions within the phytotrons, the climate from the field trial at the botanical garden of the University of Basel, Switzerland, was recorded throughout the 35-day growth period (Figure S2 ). Relative humidity, temperature, and PPFD were measured every 5 min with a weather station (Vantage pro2, Davis, Haywards, CA, USA). In addition, sunlight spectra in the waveband 350–800 nm were recorded every minute using a spectrometer (STS) that was equipped with an optical fiber and a cosine corrector (180º field-of-view; CC-3-UV-S, OceanOptics) placed by the weather station’s PAR sensor facing upwards. The spectrometer was connected to a Raspberry Pi 2 computer for automatic sampling, integration time adjustments and data storage. A posteriori, the spectra were used to calculate photon flux densities within specific wavebands: PAR, B, G, R and FR. The PAR light measurements were verified by comparing the data from the weather station with the data from the spectrometer readings. The data from the field trial were used to calculate average diurnal and nocturnal temperature, air humidity and PAR conditions for the phytotron treatments.
5
Greenhouse Light Transmission Determination
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Greenhouse light transmission was determined to be 0.55 by relating PPFD700 inside the greenhouse to outside PPFD700. PAR quantum sensors connected to a data logger (LI-1100 DataLogger, LI-COR Inc., USA) were used to collect the inside light data at plant height and natural radiation was recorded by a weather station next to the greenhouse throughout the experiments. An average of five days was taken to calculate the transmission factor. PPFD700, PPFD800 and light spectra of the LED treatments were measured under exclusion of natural radiation with a spectroradiometer (USB4000, OceanInsight, formerly OceanOptics, USA) equipped with a 3,900 μm optical fiber and a cosine corrector (CC-3-UV-S, OceanInsight, formerly OceanOptics, USA). Quantum flux (μmol PAR m−2 s−1) was converted into daily light energy integral (MJ PAR m−2 d−1) integrating over the light period and using a conversion factor of 0.219 (Thimijan and Heins, 1983 ).
6
Spectral Characterization of Artificial Light
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We measured the spectral properties of our artificial light source using a spectrometer (Ocean Optics Inc., Dunedin, FL, USA) and an optic fiber (QP230-1-XSR, 235 microns; Ocean Optics Inc.) with cosine corrector (CC-3-UV-S; Ocean Optics Inc.). For each of the treatment positions (i.e., morning azimuthal, afternoon azimuthal, 53° solar noon azimuthal, and 34° solar noon azimuthal position on 5-November; Figures S2 and S3 ) we took five measurements, all at the animal’s location in the flight simulator with the probe facing the light source as the device recorded the data. For 53° solar noon and 34° 5-November solar noon azimuthal positions, our measurements were based on the sun angle at solar noon experiments in which azimuthal position was 190°. We used the ‘pavo’ R-package (Maia et al., 2013 (link)) to convert the values from radiance to photon flux, and then averaged the measurements across all wavelengths to generate the appropriate curves (Figures S2 and S3 ).
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