Qsx 310

QCM-D measurements were performed using a Q-Sense E4 instrument (Biolin Scientific AB, Gothenburg, Sweden), as previously described [25 (link)]. Prior to each round of experiments, TiO₂-coated sensor chips (model no. QSX 310, Biolin Scientific AB) were cleaned with deionized water and ethanol and then dried with nitrogen, followed by 1 min oxygen plasma treatment in a CUTE-1MPR machine (Femto Science Inc., Hwaseong, Republic of Korea). During the experiments, the sample solutions were added into the chambers using a peristaltic pump (Reglo Digital, Ismatec, Glattbrugg, Switzereland) at a defined flow rate of 100 μL/min. The QSoft (version no. 2.5.28.732) and QTools (version no. 3.1.33) software programs (Biolin Scientific AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) were used to complete data collection at multiple overtones and data processing, respectively. All presented QCM-D data were collected from the 5th overtone, and at least three independent replicates were performed per condition. For statistical analysis, two-tailed Student’s t-tests were performed using the GraphPad Prism software package (version no. 10.1.2; Boston, MA, USA), and p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001 indicate the levels of statistical significance (*, **, ***).

QCM-D measurements were performed on a Q-Sense E4 instrument (Biolin Scientific AB, Stockholm, Sweden) using AT-cut crystals with sputter-coated, 50 nm-thick silica (QSX 303, Biolin Scientific AB) or titania (QSX 310, Biolin Scientific AB) layers. The crystals had a mass sensitivity constant of 17.7 ng/cm²Hz (Ref. [63 (link)]). Before measurement, the crystals were rinsed with 1 wt % SDS in water, water, and ethanol, dried with a stream of nitrogen gas, and treated with oxygen plasma for 1 min. Samples were introduced at a constant flow rate of 100 µL/min, as regulated by a peristaltic pump, and the temperature of the measurement cell was maintained at 25.0 ± 0.5 °C. Data was collected at the odd overtones (3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th), and the normalized data at the 5th overtone are reported.