Motor timing is assessed by hand tapping (Aschersleben, 2002 (link); Repp, 2005 (link)). Participants are instructed to tap as regularly as possible with their right hand either without stimulation (unpaced tapping) or in the presence of a rhythmic auditory stimulus (paced tapping). Tapping is recorded via a Roland SPD-6 MIDI percussion pad controlled by MAX-MSP software (version 5.1). Stimuli are delivered over headphones (Sennheiser HD201) at a comfortable sound pressure level. No auditory feedback is provided during tapping. The tasks are preceded by practice trials.
Hd 201
Manufactured by Sennheiser
Sourced in Germany
The Sennheiser HD 201 is a closed-back, circumaural headphone designed for professional audio applications. It features a frequency response of 21 Hz to 18 kHz and a sensitivity of 108 dB. The headphone is equipped with 32 mm dynamic drivers and a 3.5 mm audio connection.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
25 protocols using hd 201
1
Assessing Motor Timing through Hand Tapping
2
Nociceptive-Specific Laser Stimulation and Multisensory Integration
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Nociceptive-specific radiant-heat stimuli, generated by an infrared neodymium yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser (Electronic Engineering, Italy), were used as the pain stimulation in the present study. The laser wavelength was 1.34 μm. At this wavelength, the laser pulses activate directly nociceptive terminals in the most superficial skin layers.26 (link),27 (link) The laser beam was transmitted via an optic fiber and its diameter was set at approximately 7 mm (~38 mm2) by focusing lenses. Laser pulses were delivered to a circular area (diameter = 4 cm) on the dorsum of participants’ left hands. The pulse duration was 4 ms. After each stimulation, the laser beam target was shifted by at least 1 cm in a random direction within the circular area to avoid nociceptor fatigue and/or sensitization.
The auditory stimuli included white noise and music excerpts. White noise was generated using free software Audacity (available athttps://www.audacityteam.org/
The auditory stimuli included white noise and music excerpts. White noise was generated using free software Audacity (available at
3
Multimodal Language and Cognitive Assessments
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All SL tasks were programmed and ran using E-prime 2.0 software [82 ,83 ] on a Windows Surface 3 tablet with touchscreen and keyboard. Auditory instructions (and stimuli in the case of the A-NADL) were played over Sennheiser HD 201 headphones. Additional materials included the gamepad used in the SRT task (Trust wired gamepad GXT540) and the external button box used in the A-NADL task.
As mentioned previously, participants in the present study were tested as part of a larger study. Children were tested individually by an experimenter in a quiet room either at home or at school. Testing lasted approximately three hours, divided over three testing sessions that lasted around an hour. In each of these sessions, one of the SL tasks was administered along with three or four of our linguistic or cognitive measures (each of these was measured only once). The order of the sessions (and the order of tasks within sessions) was counter-balanced: six testing orders were created to which participants were assigned randomly. Thus, the order of the SL tasks (order 1: A-NADL, SRT, VSL; order 2: SRT, VSL, A-NADL; order 3: VSL, A-NADL, SRT), as well as the linguistic and cognitive measures, was semi-randomized. Each child was rewarded for their participation with stickers on a diploma and a small present after completing the three sessions.
As mentioned previously, participants in the present study were tested as part of a larger study. Children were tested individually by an experimenter in a quiet room either at home or at school. Testing lasted approximately three hours, divided over three testing sessions that lasted around an hour. In each of these sessions, one of the SL tasks was administered along with three or four of our linguistic or cognitive measures (each of these was measured only once). The order of the sessions (and the order of tasks within sessions) was counter-balanced: six testing orders were created to which participants were assigned randomly. Thus, the order of the SL tasks (order 1: A-NADL, SRT, VSL; order 2: SRT, VSL, A-NADL; order 3: VSL, A-NADL, SRT), as well as the linguistic and cognitive measures, was semi-randomized. Each child was rewarded for their participation with stickers on a diploma and a small present after completing the three sessions.
4
Comprehensive Neuropsychological Assessment Protocol
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All patients underwent a series of neuropsychological tests, including assessment of visual neglect and extinction, visual fields, stereoscopic vision, colour vision, and hearing.
The visual neglect tests included: a line bisection test [57] , the apple test [3] (link), the clock task [20] (link), and a copying task (target: flower). For assessment of visual field defects static perimetry of 30° of the visual field was conducted with the contralesional eye. The Lang Test [28] and the Ishihara Colour Vision test [21] served as measures for stereoscopic and colour vision. An audiometry with 8 frequencies for each ear was applied for assessment of hearing.
Furthermore, patients were asked for impairments in the following domains: memory deficits, anomia, reading deficits, visual field defects, spatial orienting disorder and auditory impairments in relation to loudness, sound, voice, and music perception.
All following computer-based tests were performed at 60 cm distance from the screen and subjects wore headphones when required (Sennheiser HD 201). Spatial resolution of the monitor (Samsung Sync Master 1100 MB) was 1600 × 1200 pixels (2041 × 1617 arcmin) and the temporal resolution was 75 Hz. The fixation dot in each test had a size of 5 arcmin. Response time was ‘infinite’, i.e. the next trial started only after a response was given (enforced response).
The visual neglect tests included: a line bisection test [57] , the apple test [3] (link), the clock task [20] (link), and a copying task (target: flower). For assessment of visual field defects static perimetry of 30° of the visual field was conducted with the contralesional eye. The Lang Test [28] and the Ishihara Colour Vision test [21] served as measures for stereoscopic and colour vision. An audiometry with 8 frequencies for each ear was applied for assessment of hearing.
Furthermore, patients were asked for impairments in the following domains: memory deficits, anomia, reading deficits, visual field defects, spatial orienting disorder and auditory impairments in relation to loudness, sound, voice, and music perception.
All following computer-based tests were performed at 60 cm distance from the screen and subjects wore headphones when required (Sennheiser HD 201). Spatial resolution of the monitor (Samsung Sync Master 1100 MB) was 1600 × 1200 pixels (2041 × 1617 arcmin) and the temporal resolution was 75 Hz. The fixation dot in each test had a size of 5 arcmin. Response time was ‘infinite’, i.e. the next trial started only after a response was given (enforced response).
5
Bimodal Hearing Device Calibration and Evaluation
6
Multimodal Cognitive Assessment Tasks
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After the main experiment, a completion task, a free recall, and a stimulus value rating were performed on a computer screen (23″, ~ 1 m distance to the participant) using a standard computer mouse. The tones were presented via two loudspeakers (HD 201, Sennheiser, Germany) one on each side of the screen. The volume of the acoustic stimuli was adjusted by the participants to a comfortable level during the before mentioned post-tests.
7
Musical Timing Perception Thresholds
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The first three tasks (duration discrimination, anisochrony detection with tones, and anisochrony detection with music) allow estimating thresholds of duration discrimination of two tones and to detect an interval embedded in an isochronous sequence of tones or in a musical excerpt. Thresholds are estimated using a maximum-likelihood adaptive procedure (MLP) (Green, 1993 (link)) implemented in the MLP toolbox (Grassi and Soranzo, 2009 (link)) in MATLAB. Participants performed 3 blocks of 16 trials each. In each trial, the stimulus difference was changed adaptively depending on the participants’ response. Thresholds corresponded to the midpoint of the psychometric curve defined as a probability of 63.1% of correct detection (Grassi and Soranzo, 2009 (link)). Stimuli were delivered via headphones (Sennheiser HD201) at a comfortable sound pressure level. A response was provided verbally by participants and entered by the experimenter via a computer keyboard. The tasks were preceded by four practice trials with feedback.
8
Visual and Audiovisual Motion Direction Perception
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All following tests were presented on a computer monitor. Spatial resolution of the monitor was 1600 × 1200 pixels (39 × 31 degrees) and the frame rate was 75 Hz. Subjects sat in 50 cm viewing distance in front of the monitor with their head in a chin rest. They wore stereo-headphones (Sennheiser HD 201, frequency spectrum of 21–18 000 Hz, sound pressure level of max. 108 dB) when required.
Subjects had two colored buttons in their hands: the red one in the left and the green one in the right hand. In the frequency-based (vertical) configuration the red button should be pressed when a motion was perceived in downward direction and the green button should be pressed for an upward motion direction. In the spatial (horizontal) configuration the right (green) and left (red) hands corresponded to motions to the right and to the left.
All subjects accomplished all configurations in counterbalanced order (four audiovisual and two visual experimental conditions) with short breaks in between. During audiovisual conditions they wore headphones and were informed about hearing an auditory stimulus. For all conditions the subjects had to direct their attention to the visual stimulus on the screen and to respond to the perceived motion direction via button-press. The instruction to the participant was to press the button as fast as possible.
Subjects had two colored buttons in their hands: the red one in the left and the green one in the right hand. In the frequency-based (vertical) configuration the red button should be pressed when a motion was perceived in downward direction and the green button should be pressed for an upward motion direction. In the spatial (horizontal) configuration the right (green) and left (red) hands corresponded to motions to the right and to the left.
All subjects accomplished all configurations in counterbalanced order (four audiovisual and two visual experimental conditions) with short breaks in between. During audiovisual conditions they wore headphones and were informed about hearing an auditory stimulus. For all conditions the subjects had to direct their attention to the visual stimulus on the screen and to respond to the perceived motion direction via button-press. The instruction to the participant was to press the button as fast as possible.
9
Auditory Tone Discrimination Experiment
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A green fixation cross (1°15′0.063″ visual angle) was presented at the center of a black screen. The imperative auditory stimulus was a low- or high-pitched sinus tone (500 or 1000 Hz) presented to both ears via over-ear headphones (Sennheiser HD 201) for 50 ms. Four keys were marked as response buttons on the keyboard (German layout; see Fig. 1 A).
Participants sat in front of a 17.3-in. laptop (HP ProBook 470 G4; temporal resolution: 60 Hz; spatial resolution: 1920 × 1080 pixels) at a distance of about 50 cm. A separate keyboard with marked response buttons was placed near the edge of the table, and the laptop was placed directly behind the keyboard. The laptop display was turned open 90 degrees towards the keyboard. The experiment was controlled with Presentation® (Version 18.1, Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA,http://www.neurobs.com ) running under Microsoft Windows 7®. The experimenter (RP) sat quietly in the room while the participants performed the task.
Participants sat in front of a 17.3-in. laptop (HP ProBook 470 G4; temporal resolution: 60 Hz; spatial resolution: 1920 × 1080 pixels) at a distance of about 50 cm. A separate keyboard with marked response buttons was placed near the edge of the table, and the laptop was placed directly behind the keyboard. The laptop display was turned open 90 degrees towards the keyboard. The experiment was controlled with Presentation® (Version 18.1, Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CA,
10
Qualitative Assessment of Velcro-type Crackles
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Two expert ILD physicians, blind to the clinical and radiology data, qualitatively assessed sound recordings for the presence of “Velcro-type” crackles. The sound files were played via personal computer using an open-source tool (Audacity software) and over-ear headphones (Sennheiser HD201 closed dynamic stereo). The sound files were randomized prior to assessment to avoid all files from the same subject being assessed consecutively. An independent researcher (G.S.) combined the scores of the two raters and adjudicated “Velcro-type” crackles as present when the physicians disagreed.
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