Core and outer phase liquids were 2% wt or 10% wt aqueous PVA solutions (the same as for channel modification). Oil (shell) phases were fluorinated oils (FC-40 and HFE-7500, 3M, USA) with 2% wt triblock fluorosurfactant PFPE–PEG–PFPE (Chemipan, Poland). Viscosities of the aqueous phases were measured with Malvern Kinexus rotational rheometer using cone-plate geometry (d = 50 mm, α = 1°) and are presented in Table 1 . We calculated viscosity ratios for various core–shell-outer phase setups and presented them with measured interfacial tensions in Table 2 .
Fc 40
Manufactured by 3M
Sourced in United States
FC-40 is a perfluorinated liquid used in various laboratory applications. It is a clear, colorless, and odorless fluid with a high dielectric strength and thermal stability. FC-40 is commonly used as a heat transfer medium, a calibration fluid, and a solvent in scientific and industrial settings.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Hfe 7500, by 3M (1 mentions)
Dynabeads m 270 carboxylic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Gas tight syringe, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Syringe pump, by Harvard Apparatus (1 mentions)
Novec 1720, by 3M (1 mentions)
Span 80, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Perfluorodecalin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium citrate tribasic dehydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Malachite green carbinol hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydroquinone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fluorescein sodium salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit, by Dow (1 mentions)
Novec hfe7500, by 3M (1 mentions)
8 protocols using fc 40
1
Microfluidic Emulsion Characterization
2
Magnetic Bead Suspension Microfluidic Protocol
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Aqueous suspensions of magnetic beads with a mean diameter of 2.8 µm (Dynabeads M-270 carboxylic acid, by Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) were prepared at different concentrations (between 108 and 109 beads/mL). Before use, the magnetic beads were washed twice and stored in PBS (1× Phosphate buffered saline) solution. Fluorinated oil (FC40, by 3M, Saint Paul, MN, USA) mixed with 2% surfactant (Krytox 157 FSH, by Chemours, Wilmington, DE, USA) was used for droplet generation. The surfactant decreased the surface tension between the oil and the aqueous phase, allowing the generation of droplets and promoting their stability during motion [40 (link),41 (link)].
3
Magnetic Particle Manipulation Platform
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The MDM substrate comprised a piece of glass coverslip of 0.15 mm in thickness. The coverslip was coated with 1% w/w Teflon AF solution (Chemours, USA) diluted in FC 40 (3M, USA). The glass coverslip was mounted onto the customized holders and stages made by 3D printing. A CCD camera (Guardian Vision, China) was mounted above the substrate on an optical rail. A 40 mm × 40 mm region of interest was selected as the field of view. A circular electromagnet (Elecall, China) was mounted on a 2‐axis translational stage with a maximal stroke length of 50 mm (Haijie Jiachuang Corp, China) and placed beneath the substrate. The electromagnet was controlled by an electrical switch (Standard Control Electric, China). A small iron bar with a hemisphere cap of 3‐mm diameter was attached to the center of the electromagnet. When switched on, the electromagnet controlled the motion of the particles and droplets on the substrate via the iron bar. The entire setup was bolted to an optical table (Thorlabs, USA) and placed in a soft‐tent light studio. Three strips of LED light source were fixed to the side wall of the tent for illumination.
4
Fluorinated Solvents for Cell-based Droplet Microfluidics
5
Microfluidic Droplet-based Cell Culturing
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All tubing, devices, and syringes used are sterilized by 70% (v/v) ethanol, and all solutions and media used are either autoclaved or filtered through a PES or PTFE filter with 0.22 μm pore size. Prior to experiment, the main channel for chemotaxis is selectively blocked with bovine serum albumin (10 mg/mL) to avoid the nonspecific adsorption of cells. Solutions are loaded into gastight syringes (Agilent, Reno, NV) with fixed 27 gauge needles and 30 gauge Teflon tubing (Zeus, Branchburg, NJ), and infused into the device by syringe pumps (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA). All pumps except the one connected to the waste outlet infuse solutions into the device (Fig. 1B ). The fluorinated oil FC-40 (3 M, St. Paul, MN, USA) was used as the carrier phase for droplet generation. Once the Teflon tubing is filled with droplets, it is detached from the device, sealed at both ends with wax, and the pumps are stopped. A new Teflon tubing can be attached to the device for another cycle of droplet collection. The Teflon tubing with the droplet array is placed in a Petri dish pre-filled with water, and incubated at 30 °C or 37 °C for cell growth.
6
Double Emulsion Generation with Immiscible Liquids
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We used three immiscible liquid phases to generate W/O/O double emulsions. As the outer phase we used FC-40 (3 M,USA) with 1 wt% of PFPE-PEG-PFPE surfactant (Chemipan, Poland), as the middle phase we used n-hexadecane with 2 wt% Span 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) or its mixture with silicone oil, AP 100 (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) (0-70% w/w) (see Table 1), and as the core phase we used distilled water with dye (Congo red). The role of a surfactant (Span 80) in the silicone oil/hexadecane mixture was to stabilize the aqueous droplets against coalescence. To overcome the problem of wetting the channel walls by the dispersed middle-and core phases we rendered the channel walls fluorophilic by applying the commercial fluorinated coating Novec 1720 (3 M, USA).
7
Microfluidic Device Fabrication Protocol
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GoldIJIII) chloride trihydrate (>99.9%), sodium citrate tribasic dehydrate (99%), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctanol (PFO, 97%), trichloroIJ1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane (97%), perfluorodecalin (95%), hydroquinone (>99%), malachite green carbinol hydrochloride (85%), and fluorescein sodium salt were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA) and used without further purification. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit) was purchased from Dow Corning (MI, USA). FC-40 (a mixture of perfluorotributylamine and perfluoroIJdi-n-butylmethylamine)) and FC-70 (perfluorotripentylamine) were purchased from 3M (MN, U.S.A.). Deionized water was purified using a Milli-Q water purification system (MA, USA).
8
Fluorocarbon Fluid Mixture Protocol
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We used a mixture of fluorocarbon fluids: 50% (w/w) Novec HFE-7500, 49.6% (w/w) FC-40 (both acquired from 3M, USA) with 0.4% (w/w) 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctanol (Alfa Aesar, Germany) as a continuous phase.
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