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3 protocols using cytokeratin 17 19

1

Comprehensive Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tissue Samples

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Tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for 18–24 hours, embedded in paraffin after graded-ethanol dehydration, and sectioned into 5-μm sections using a microtome. Where applicable, formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections were stained for Hematoxylin & Eosin (Thermo Fisher), Picro-Sirius Red (Sigma-Aldrich) and Masson’s Trichrome (Diagnostic Biosystems) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Automated staining of tissues was carried out on the Bond RXm (Leica Biosystems) following dewaxing and appropriate antigen retrieval. Immunostaining was chromogenically visualized using the Bond Polymer Refine Detection alone or in conjunction with Bond Intense R Detection Systems (DS9263, Leica Biosystems). Slides were dehydrated through graded ethanol, followed by xylene, then mounted using Xylene-based Cytoseal (Thermo Fisher) or Vectamount (Vector Labs) as appropriate.
Staining was performed with the following antibodies: αSMA (Abcam ab5694), Podoplanin (Biolegend 127402), Ki67 (Abcam ab15580), BrdU (Abcam ab2284), CC3 (Cell Signaling 9661S), Cytokeratin 19 (DSHB TROMA-III), Cytokeratin 17/19 (Cell Signaling 12434S), CD8α (Cell Signaling 98941), pSTAT1 (Cell Signaling 8826s), CD4 (Abcam ab183685), Foxp3 (eBioscience 14–5773-82), γH2Ax (Cell Signaling 9718S).
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2

Immunoblotting of Pluripotency Markers

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Protein extracts from freshly isolated cultured and cryopreserved cells were separated on 4–20% tris–glycine gels and electro-blotted onto PVDF membranes as previously described [15 (link), 19 (link), 20 (link)]. Antibodies against REX-1 (Abcam, #ab175431), SOX-2 (Cell Signaling, #3579), OCT-4 (Cell Signaling, #2750), c-Myc (Abcam, #ab32072), NANOG (Cell Signaling, #4903), E-cadherin (Cell Signaling, #3195), cytokeratin 17/19 (Cell Signaling, # 3984), KLF-4 (Cell Signaling, 12,173) and β-actin (Cell Signaling, #4967) were purchased from indicated companies. Densitometry was performed using ImageJ analysis software (NIH, Bethesda, MD) as previously described [21 (link)].
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3

Histological and Immunohistochemical Analyses

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Specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (Surgipath Leica, Buffalo Grove, IL) and paraffin embedded. Five-micrometer sections were cut with a rotary microtome (Leica). Histologic staining used SelecTech hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) reagents (Surgipath). Staining with Alcian Blue or Trichrome (both from American MasterTech, Lodi, CA) was performed as per manufacturers' instructions.
Antigen retrieval for immunohistochemistry was optimized with sodium citrate (pH 6.0) or EDTA (pH 9.0; Leica). Primary antibodies were against phospho-Akt Ser473 (GeneTex, Irvine, CA), phospho-mTor Ser2448 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), phospho-p70S6K Thr389 (Upstate Cell Signaling, Temecula, CA or LifeSpan BioSciences, Seattle, WA), and phospho-p70S6K Thr389 (Cell Signaling Technology), mucin-4 (Muc-4; LifeSpan BioSciences), α-2 smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; Novus, Littleton, CO), cytokeratin 17/19 (Cell Signaling Technology), and Ki67 (Abcam, Cambridge, MA). Detection used Polymer Refine Detection reagents (Leica). A Bond-Max Immunostainer and Polymer Refine Detection reagents (Leica) were used.
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