C. perfringens strains were incubated in six-well polystyrene plates at 37 °C for 48 h, under anaerobic conditions. After incubation, sessile cells were collected by removing the medium and washed with PBS one time, and the planktonic cells were obtained by centrifugation. The initial cell concentration of vegetative cells and spores were 105 CFU/mL and 104 CFU/mL, respectively. The cells were exposed to disinfectants for 10 min or to atmospheric conditions for 18 or 36 h. In the negative control, the disinfectants were not treated. Three types of disinfectants that are commonly used in the food processing industry were tested on TYJAM-D-66 in this study, at concentrations suggested by the manufacturers—0.01% sodium hypochlorite (Junsei Chemicals Co., Chuo-ku, Tokyo), 5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Daejung), and 80% ethyl alcohol (Duksan Pure Chemicals Co., Ltd., Ansan, Korea). After treatment, the vegetative cells and the germinated spores were determined by plating onto the BHI agar medium. The plates were incubated anaerobically at 37 °C for 24 h. After incubation, the colonies were counted to determine the surviving population size. The experiments for each strain were performed three times with duplicates.
Ethyl alcohol
Manufactured by Duksan Pure Chemicals
Sourced in Cameroon
Ethyl alcohol, also known as ethanol, is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid. It is commonly used as a solvent and reagent in various laboratory applications. Ethyl alcohol has a wide range of uses in scientific research and analysis, serving as a key component in many experimental procedures and processes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Duksan Pure Chemicals (2 mentions)
Ammonium hydroxide, by Junsei (2 mentions)
Hoechst 33342, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide h2o2, by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
Calcium chloride, by Samchun (1 mentions)
Sodium oleate, by Junsei (1 mentions)
Distilled water, by Duksan Pure Chemicals (1 mentions)
Fd8508, by IlShinBioBase (1 mentions)
Soybean oil, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Trypsin edta, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dulbecco s phosphate buffered saline dpbs, by Biowest (1 mentions)
Triton x 100, by Samchun (1 mentions)
Antibiotic antimycotic solution, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
2 7 dichlorofluorescin diacetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Biowest (1 mentions)
Chlorin e6 ce6, by Frontier Scientific (1 mentions)
Optimal cutting temperature compound, by Sakura Finetek (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Samchun (1 mentions)
Oxalic acid dihydrate, by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
Potassium permanganate, by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
10 protocols using ethyl alcohol
1
Evaluating Disinfectant Efficacy on C. perfringens
2
Silk Fibroin Extraction and Purification
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The raw silk cocoons (Bombyx mori, Uljin silk farm, Korea) were cut into small pieces and degummed two times with 0.3 mM sodium oleate (Junsei, Japan) and 0.5 mM sodium carbonate (OCI, Korea) solution at 103°C for 40 min. Remnant salt was removed by boiling silk in distilled water twice at 100°C for 20 min [25 (link),26 (link)]. The obtained silk fibroin (SF) was rinsed thoroughly with distilled water and dried in a fume hood at room temperature for two days. Dried SF was dissolved in a ternary solvent consisting of calcium chloride (Samchun, Korea), distilled water, and ethyl alcohol (Duksan, Korea) with the molar ratio of 1:8:2. The reaction was continued at 91°C for 3 h. The dialysis was performed with a cellulose membrane tube (MWCO: 12–14 kDa) against distilled water. The distilled water was exchanged seven times every 5 h for 3 days at room temperature. The clear supernatant was collected after centrifugation (9000 rpm for 10 min) and lyophilized (FD8508, IlShinBioBase, Korea). The SF powder was vacuum-packed for long-term preservation.
3
Synthesis and Characterization of PEG-b-PCL Nanocarriers
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PEG-b-PCL was purchased from Ruixibio (Xi’an city, China). Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from Frontier Scientific Inc. (Logan, UT, USA). Soybean oil and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethyl alcohol was purchased from Duksan (Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Triton X-100 were purchased from Samchun (Seoul, Gangnam-gu, Korea). Optimal cutting temperature (O.C.T) compound was purchased from Sakura® Finetek (Tokyo, Japan). Hoechst 33342 was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Thiazoyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Biosesang (Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Biowest (Nuaille, France). The 0.05% Trypsin-EDTA and antibiotic-antimycotic solution were purchased from Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA).
4
Synthesis of Inorganic Compounds
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Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O,
99%, MW 287.56 g mol–1), potassium sulfate (K2SO4, 99%, MW 174.24 g mol–1),
sodium chloride (NaCl, 99%, MW 58.44 g mol–1), anhydrous
magnesium sulfate (MgSO4, 99%, MW 120.37 g mol–1), and ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH, 94%) were purchased
from Duksan Pure Chemicals (South Korea). N,N-Dimethylformamide (C3H7NO, 99.5%,
MW 73.1 g mol–1), oxalic acid dihydrate (H2C2O4·2H2O, 99.5–100.2%,
MW 126.07 g mol–1), 5 N sodium hydroxide standard
solution, potassium permanganate (KMnO4, 99.3%, MW 158.03
g mol–1), and manganese(II) sulfate pentahydrate
(MnSO4·5H2O, 98%, MW 241.08 g mol–1) were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals (South Korea).
Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O,
95%, MW 172.17 g mol–1) was purchased from Oriental
Chemical Industries (South Korea). Strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2, 99%, MW 211.63 g mol–1) was purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (USA) and used to prepare simulant solutions. All
solutions were prepared with deionized (D.I.) water (EXL 5 A16, EXL
Service, USA).
99%, MW 287.56 g mol–1), potassium sulfate (K2SO4, 99%, MW 174.24 g mol–1),
sodium chloride (NaCl, 99%, MW 58.44 g mol–1), anhydrous
magnesium sulfate (MgSO4, 99%, MW 120.37 g mol–1), and ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH, 94%) were purchased
from Duksan Pure Chemicals (South Korea). N,N-Dimethylformamide (C3H7NO, 99.5%,
MW 73.1 g mol–1), oxalic acid dihydrate (H2C2O4·2H2O, 99.5–100.2%,
MW 126.07 g mol–1), 5 N sodium hydroxide standard
solution, potassium permanganate (KMnO4, 99.3%, MW 158.03
g mol–1), and manganese(II) sulfate pentahydrate
(MnSO4·5H2O, 98%, MW 241.08 g mol–1) were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals (South Korea).
Calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O,
95%, MW 172.17 g mol–1) was purchased from Oriental
Chemical Industries (South Korea). Strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2, 99%, MW 211.63 g mol–1) was purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (USA) and used to prepare simulant solutions. All
solutions were prepared with deionized (D.I.) water (EXL 5 A16, EXL
Service, USA).
5
Tin-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
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TAA was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
Tin chloride pentahydrate was acquired from Alfa Aesar. Acetic acid
was purchased from Junsei (99.7%), and ethyl alcohol was provided
by Duksan Pure Chemicals Co. Ltd., South Korea. Deionized water was
obtained from a Pure Group 30 water purification system.
Tin chloride pentahydrate was acquired from Alfa Aesar. Acetic acid
was purchased from Junsei (99.7%), and ethyl alcohol was provided
by Duksan Pure Chemicals Co. Ltd., South Korea. Deionized water was
obtained from a Pure Group 30 water purification system.
6
Cellulose Powder and MTS Synthesis
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Cellulose powder (cotton linters, medium fiber) and MTS (purity > 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Seoul, Korea) Lithium hydroxide (LiOH, purity = 99%), urea (purity = 98%), and ethyl alcohol (purity = 95%) were purchased from Duksan Pure Chemicals Company. DIW was purified using an EXL3 pure and ultrapure water system (VIVAGEN CO., LTD., Seongnam, Korea). All the chemicals were used without further purification.
7
Extracting Bioactive Compounds from Salvia miltiorrhiza
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Dried Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM, Beijing, China) (1 kg) was extracted with 99.9% ethyl alcohol (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea) for 48 h at room temperature. The solution was filtered and evaporated using a Yamato Vacuum rotary evaporator (EYELA, Yamato, Tokyo, Japan) at 40 °C and lyophilized at −80 °C in a vacuum freeze-dryer (EYELA, Yamato, Tokyo, Japan) to yield 40.319 g of crude extract. The lyophilized Salvia miltiorrhiza extract was then made into a powder form according to a previously described method [59 (link)]. It was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Duksan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea) as a stock solution (200 mM) and then stored at −20 °C. Its main constituents were previously reported to be cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, and tanshinone IIA [60 (link)].
8
Functionalization of MWCNTs with Transition Metal Oxides
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MWCNTs (JENO20) were procured from JEIO (Yusong, Korea). For the purification process, which involves the removal of amorphous carbon present on the surface of the CNTs and the formation of an oxygen functional group, sulfuric acid (98%) and nitric acid (60%) were procured from DAEJUNG Chemicals (Siheung-si, Korea). For the formation of transition metal oxides on the surface of CNTs, cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate, iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate, manganese (II) nitrate hexahydrate, and nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA) and used as transition metal hydrates. Deionized water (DIW) was used to dissolve the transition-metal hydrates. Ethyl alcohol (99.9%), procured from DUKSAN (Ansan, Korea), was used as a solvent to disperse the CNTs, and ammonium hydroxide was procured from JUNSEI (Tokyo, Japan).
9
Transdermal Delivery System Development
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CoQ10, isopropyl myristate (IPM), and oleic acid (OA) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI, Tokyo, Japan). Labrafil M1944, Labrasol, and Transcutol® HP were provided by Gattefosse (Gattefosse, France). Cottonseed oil was obtained from Daejung Chemicals (Daejung, Korea). Tween 80, propylene glycol (PG), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 were procured from the Duksan Corporation (Duksan, Korea). Cremophor EL® (Kolliphor) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol were of HPLC grade (Duksan, Korea). For the in vitro cell experiments, fetal bovine serum (Gibco®, Grand Island, NY, USA), bovine calf serum (Gibco®, Penrose, AKL, NZ), penicillin–streptomycin (Corning®, Manassas, VA, USA), 0.05% trypsin 0.53 mM EDTA (Corning®, Manassas, VA, USA), and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Corning®, Manassas, VA, USA) were used. For the cell proliferation test, a cell counting kit (CCK-8) was used (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan). All other purchased reagents were of analytical grade.
10
Microbiological Analysis of Food and Beverages
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All chemicals used were of analytical grade. Potassium chromate, 0.1 N Sodium hydroxide, silver nitrate, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and sodium chloride were obtained from Duksan Pure Chemicals (Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). Sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and ammonium hydroxide were purchased from Junsei Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). Formalin solution, standard methanol, ethanol, pentanol, propanol, and butanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Plate count agar, nutrient agar, potato dextrose agar (PDA), and potato dextrose broth were purchased from Difco (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA). Mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar (MYP), egg yolk emulsion, and polymyxin B supplement were purchased from Oxoid LTD (Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK). 3M Yeast and Mold Petrifilm was purchased from 3M Health Care (St. Paul, MN, USA). API 50CHB and API 20E were obtained from bioMerieux (Marcy I’Etoile, France).
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