Varioskan lux fluorescence spectrophotometer

SEM images were captured
by a FEI NOVA
NanoSEM 230. TEM images were captured by a Zeiss EM 912. The zeta
potential (ζ potential) measurements were performed with a Zetasizer
Nano S from Malvern Panalytical. The hydrodynamic radius and diffusion
coefficient measurements were performed using a Möbius from
Wyatt Technology. The optical videos of urease micromotors were recorded
using the camera (Hamamatsu digital camera C11440) of an inverted
optical microscope (Leica DMi8). The optical density (OD) of the antibacterial
assays was measured at 600 nm in a Thermo Scientific Varioskan LUX
fluorescence spectrophotometer.

The MIC assays were performed following the microdilution method.^{74 (link)} Peptide solutions of 256 μmol L⁻¹ in Milli-Q sterile-filtered water were added to 96-well round-bottom plates, and a 2-fold serial dilution was performed to obtain peptide concentrations ranging from 128 to 2 μmol L⁻¹. Bacterial solutions at 5 × 10⁵ CFU mL⁻¹ in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth medium of E. coli ATCC 11775, S. aureus ATCC 12600, and P. aeruginosa (PAO1 and PA14) were added to the plates, and plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. After treatment, the optical density (OD) at 600 nm of the plates was measured on a Thermo Scientific Varioskan LUX fluorescence spectrophotometer to check bacterial growth inhibition and to compare results with those of untreated controls. Heatmaps obtained directly from OD measurements of the plates after treatment with all tested peptides and bacteria are shown in Figures S2 and S4. All MIC assays were performed in three replicates.

The MIC assays were performed following the microdilution method.^{74 (link)} Peptide solutions of 256 μmol L⁻¹ in Milli-Q sterile-filtered water were added to 96-well round-bottom plates, and a 2-fold serial dilution was performed to obtain peptide concentrations ranging from 128 to 2 μmol L⁻¹. Bacterial solutions at 5 × 10⁵ CFU mL⁻¹ in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth medium of E. coli ATCC 11775, S. aureus ATCC 12600, and P. aeruginosa (PAO1 and PA14) were added to the plates, and plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. After treatment, the optical density (OD) at 600 nm of the plates was measured on a Thermo Scientific Varioskan LUX fluorescence spectrophotometer to check bacterial growth inhibition and to compare results with those of untreated controls. Heatmaps obtained directly from OD measurements of the plates after treatment with all tested peptides and bacteria are shown in Figures S2 and S4. All MIC assays were performed in three replicates.