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35 protocols using catechin

1

Analytical Standards for Tea Bioactives

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Catechin (C, ≥98%), galloCatechin (GC, ≥98%), galloCatechin-3-gallate (GCG, ≥98%), epiCatechin (EC, ≥98%), epiCatechin-3-gallate (ECG, ≥98%), epigalloCatechin (EGC, ≥98%), epigalloCatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, ≥98%), caffeine (CAF, ≥98%), theaflavins (TF, ≥95%), theaflavins-3-gallate (TF3G, ≥98%), theaflavin-3′-gallate (TF3′G, ≥98%), theaflavine-3,3′-digallate (TFDG, ≥98%), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (≥98%), myricetin-3-O-galactoside (≥98%), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (≥98%), vitexin (≥98%), astragaloside (≥98%), quercetin (≥98%), and kaempferol (≥98%) were purchased from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). l-alanine, l-arginine, l-aspartic acid, l-cystine, l-glutamic acid, glycine, l-histidine, l-isoleucine, l-leucine, l-lysine, l-methionine, l-phenylalanine, l-proline, l-serine, l-threonine, l-tyrosine, l-valine, l-asparagine, l-glutamine, theanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and l-tryptophan were purchased from Sigma (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA). Anthrone reagent and ninhydrin/formic acid reducing agent were purchased from BeiJing DingGuochangSheng Biotech. Co., Ltd. (Bejing, China). Ethyl caprate (≥99%) was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and n-alkane mixed standard C7-C40 was purchased from o2si (o2si smart solutions—an LGC Standards Company, Charleston, SC, USA).
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2

Phytochemical Characterization and Antioxidant Capacity

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Vanillin, hydrochloric acid, glacial acetic acid, ferric chloride, sulfuric acid, anhydrous sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite, sodium acetate, and other reagents were purchased from Bodi Chemical (Tianjin, China) and were analytically pure. HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). The Folin–Ciocalteu regent, Trolox, 2, 4, 6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), gallic acid, rutin, catechin, and 2, 2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were acquired from Yuanye Bio-Technology (Shanghai, China).
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3

Quantification of Flavonoids and Catechins

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Xanthine oxidase powder was purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). Flavone (99.0%), 7-OH flavone (98.0%), chrysin (98.0%), biochanin A (98.0%), naringin (98.0%), and myricetin (98.0%) were bought from Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA). Formononetin (99.0%) and genistein (99.0%) were acquired from Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific, PA, USA). Baicalin (98.0%), baicalein (98.0%), wogonin (98.0%), apigenin (98.0%), luteolin (98.0%), hispidulin (98.0%), tangeretin (98.0%), nobiletin (98.0%), galangin (98.0%), kaempferide (98.0%), kaempferol (98.0%), kaempferitrin (98.0%), quercetin (98.0%), fisetin (98.0%), rutin (98.0%), daidzein (98.0%), tectorigenin (98.0%), puerarin (98.0%), dihydromyricetin (98.0%), naringenin (98.0%), catechin (C; 98.0%), (−)-gallocatechin (GC; 98.0%), epicatechin, (EC; 98.0%), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG; 98.0%), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC; 98.0%), (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 98.0%), and (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG; 98.0%) were commercially purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm resistivity) was obtained from an ELGA water purification system (ELGA Berkefeld, Veolia, Germany). All other reagents and solvents were of analytical grade.
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4

Highland Barley Bioactive Compounds

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Highland barley (Beiqing 3) was provided by Shanxi Dongfangliang Life Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanxi, China). Ferulic acid (purity, 99%) and catechin (purity ≥ 98%) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Pepsin (P700, 250 U/mg), pancreatin (P7545), invertase (I4504, 300 U/mg), and α-glucosidase (10113, 120 U/mg) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and purchased from Beijing Banxia Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).
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5

Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoids

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LC-MS-grade methanol was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid was purchased from Fisher Scientific (LC-MS grade, Thermo Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and ammonium formate was obtained from Macklin (HPLC grade, purity: ≥99%). Sakuranetin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA, CAS number: 2957-21-3); quercitrin (CAS number: 522-12-3), myricitrin (CAS number: 17912-87-7), kaempferol (CAS number: 520-18-3), luteolin (CAS number: 491-70-3), rutin (CAS number: 153-18-4), hyperoside (CAS number: 482-36-0), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (CAS number: 17650-84-9), catechin (CAS number: 225937-10-0), and catechin gallate (CAS number: 130405-40-2) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water was purified using a Milli-Q system (18 MΩ*cm, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
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6

Reagent Procurement for Analytical Chemistry

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Methanol, acetonitrile, and ethanol were all chromatographic purity purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany). Formic acid was purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Standard compounds such as gallic acid and (+)-catechin were obtained from Yuanye company (Shanghai, China). The remaining chemical reagents were purchased from Sinopharm Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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7

Authentic Standards for Phytochemical Analysis

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Kaempferol, isoquercitrin, ω-hydroxyemodin, quercetin, quercitrin, rutin, luteolin, emodin-8-O-β-d-glucoside, epicatechin, catechin, and emodin were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. The purities of these authentic standards were >98%. HPLC-grade acetonitrile was acquired from Honeywell (Morris, NJ, USA). Acetic acid and ammonium acetate (HPLC-grade) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Pure distilled water from Watsons water (Hong Kong, China) was used.
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8

Preparation of Polyphenol Standard Solutions

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Chlorogenic acid (CAS: 327-97-9), neoChlorogenic acid (CAS: 906-33-2), trans-cinnamic acid (CAS: 140-10-3), ferulic acid (CAS: 1135-24-6), p-coumaric acid (CAS: 501-98-4), caffeic acid (CAS: 331-39-5), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (CAS: 99-96-7), epicatechin (CAS: 490-46-0), (+)-catechin (CAS: 154-23-4), (−)-epigallocatechin (CAS: 970-74–1), (−)-gallocatechin (CAS: 3371-27-5), phloretin (CAS: 60-82-2) and phlorizin (CAS: 60-81-1) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). All phenolic chemicals were analytical standards, with HPLC purity ≥ 98%.
Stock solutions of polyphenols were obtained by dissolving each polyphenol in methanol containing 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Subsequently, each polyphenol was diluted with sterilized NB medium to the appropriate concentration. All solutions were prepared fresh and filter-sterilized (pore size, 0.22 μm) prior to use.
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9

Standardization of Tea Compound Analysis

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The references of non-volatile compounds (HPLC grade ≥ 98%) were purchased from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), including catechins (catechin, epicatechin, catechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate), alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine and theophylline), flavonol glycosides (quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-galactoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnosyl-glucoside) and free amino acids (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparaginate, serine, glutamine, histidine, tryptophan, glycine, phenylalanine, arginine, theanine, alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, tyrosine, threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine). Acetonitrile and methanol were HPLC grade and were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The ultra-pure water (>18 MΩ cm) was prepared by Milli-QTM reference system (Merck Millipore, Milford, MA, USA).
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10

Phytochemical Extraction and Quantification

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Ascorbic acid, gallic acid,
vanilline, and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were purchased from Sinopharm
Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Rutin and catechin were
bought from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).
Ursolic acid and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic
acid) (ABTS) were, respectively, purchased from Cool Chemistry Co.,
Ltd (Beijing, China) and Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co.,
Ltd (Shanghai, China). Hoagland reagents were bought from Qingdao
Hope Bio-Technology Co., Ltd (Qingdao, China). All other chemicals
or reagents were of analytical or HPLC grade.
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