Parstat 2273

The 2032-type coin-cells were assembled in an argon-filled glove box (MBraun). In a half-cell configuration, Li metal served as a reference electrode, TiO₂/GO hybrid and GO membranes as separators, 1.0 M/0.1 M LiTFSI/LiNO₃ in DOL and DME (1:1 v/v) as an electrolyte and sulfur as a cathode. The charge–discharge measurements were carried out in the voltage range of 1.5–3 V (vs Li/Li⁺) by using a multichannel Neware battery tester. CV and EIS were carried out on an electrochemical workstation (Princeton Applied Research, PARSTAT 2273). The CV scans were collected at a scanning rate of 0.1 mV s⁻¹ between the voltage range of 1.5–3 V. EIS was performed in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz with an amplitude of 5 mV.

Electrochemical measurements were carried out with a PARSTAT 2273 potentiostat galvanostat (Princeton Applied Research, Oak Ridge, TN, USA) in a three-electrode system, with the modified GCE (0.3 cm in diameter) as working electrode, Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat.) as reference electrode, and a platinum sheet as the counter electrode. The cyclic voltammetry profiles (CVs) and current–time profiles were measured in an N₂-saturated PBS solution (0.1 M, pH = 7.2) at room temperature. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was tested in a 5 mM [Fe(CN₆)³⁻] solution containing 0.1 M KCl with a frequency range of 10⁻²–10⁵ Hz and an amplitude of 10 mV.

Electrochemical performances were examined using coin cells (CR2032) assembled in an argon-filled glove box. The cell was consisted of CuO NWs@Cu foam as a working electrode and Li foil as both counter and reference electrode. The electrodes were separated by a Celgard 2400 separator. The electrolyte is composed of a solution of 1 M LiPF₆ in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1:1, v/v) (Shanghai Xiaoyuan Energy Technology Ltd., China). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) test was carried out on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660B, China) from 0.01 to 3V. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed on electrochemical workstation (Princeton Applied Research, PARSTAT 2273), and the frequency ranged from 10 mHz to 100 kHz with an applied AC signal amplitude of 5 mV. The charge-discharge test was measured by using a battery testing system (LAND CT2001A, China) in the voltage range of 0.01–3.0 V (vs. Li⁺/Li) under different current densities.

EIS and polarization curves were conducted using the PARSTAT 2273 electrochemical workstation (Princeton Applied Research, Oak Ridge, TN, USA). Electrochemical measurements were performed with a three-electrode cell. PCB-ImAg samples acted as the working electrodes. Platinum was used as the counter electrode, and a saturated calomel electrode was employed as the reference electrode. The available working area was 1 cm².
After the salt-spray tests, the EIS experiment on the specimens were conducted in analytically pure 0.1 mol/L Na₂SO₄ solution. Each set of tests was performed three times, and then Zview V3.1 (Princeton Applied Research, Oak Ridge, TN, USA) software was used to fit the EIS data.
Polarization curve analysis of the PCB-ImAg in the solution containing NaCl and NaHSO₃ was performed. The polarization curve was measured from −0.5 V (vs. open circuit potential) with a scan rate of 0.333 mV/s. When the polarization current density reaches 1 mA·cm⁻², the polarization curve test automatically stops.

The corrosion resistance of the treated groups was evaluated via the potentiodynamic polarization test. The potential voltage and current density of the groups were determined by potentiodynamic polarization scanning using an electrochemical analyzer system (PARSTAT 2273, Princeton Applied Research, USA). Ag‖AgCl/KCl(saturated), platinum, and the specimens were connected as the reference, counter, and working electrodes, respectively. Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS; H2387, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as simulated body fluid (SBF) for an electrolytic solution (Table 2). The electrochemical corrosion test was carried out at a scanning rate of 3 mV/s. To determine the corrosion potential (E_corr) and corrosion current density (I_corr), the cathodic and anodic portions of the generated Tafel plots were fitted with linear function.

To evaluate the corrosion resistance, electrochemical measurements of the selected samples made from 25Ti−0.25O and 25Ti−0.50O were carried out at room temperature in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution. Ti−6Al−4V was also tested as the reference material. All electrochemical measurements were performed on a potentiostat (PARSTAT^® 2273 Princeton, Applied Research, USA) with a conventional three-electrode cell incorporating a platinum sheet counter electrode and a saturated calomel reference electrode. The sample surfaces (with an area of 1.2 cm²) were mechanically polished down to 4000 grit size before testing and served as the working electrode. The open circuit potential (OCP) of each sample was recorded for 2 h, followed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP) during the electrochemical measurement. EIS was carried out with the frequency range between 10⁻² Hz and 10⁵ Hz using a 10 mV sinusoidal perturbating signal. The analysis of EIS data was performed using an ZView software. The PDP measurement was carried out at the scan rate of 1 mV s⁻¹, in the potential range of −250 mV vs OCP, and completed at +5000 mV vs OCP. Three repeatable measurements were taken from each sample group.