Cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1

All subjects had cycloplegic refraction with 3 drops of cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY, USA) administered 5 minutes apart to relieve all accommodative component. After at least 30 minutes, postcycloplegic autorefraction with a kerato-refractometer (Topcon KR-8900 by Topcon Europe Medical B.V., Capelle a/d Ijssel, The Netherlands) was performed by an optometrist with at least 5 years of experience with pediatric assessment. The spherical equivalent was calculated in diopters (D). Axial length and ACD measurements in millimeters (mm) were obtained with the noncontact optical biometry (IOLMaster; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Berlin, Germany). Axial length was taken as the distance between the anterior corneal vertex and the retinal pigment epithelium along visual fixation after automatic adjustment for the RNFL thickness. A reliable axial length measurement consisted of a signal-to-noise ratio ≥ 2.0. The ACD was taken as the distance between the anterior corneal surface and the anterior lens surface; a minimum of 5 readings was taken.

All subjects received cycloplegic refraction with 3 drops of cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) administered 5 minutes apart to relieve all accommodative components. After at least 30 minutes, postcycloplegic autorefraction with a keratorefractometer (Topcon KR-8900 by Topcon Europe Medical B.V., Essebaan 11, 2908 LJ, Capelle a/d Ijssel, the Netherlands) was performed by an optometrist with at least 5 years of experience with pediatric assessment. The spherical equivalent was calculated in diopters. Axial length measurements in millimeters (mm) were obtained with the noncontact optical biometry (IOL Master, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8–10 10589 Berlin, German). Axial length measurements were performed 3 times by a single technician who was masked to subjects’ clinical information, and the average of the 3 values was recorded. Poor signal values as well as values that differed by more than 0.1 mm were rejected and the measurement was repeated.

All subjects received cycloplegic refraction with 3 drops of Cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% (Bausch & Lomb, 1400 N. Goodman St., Rochester, NY, United States of America) administered 5 minutes apart to relieve all accommodative components. After at least 30 minutes, postcycloplegic autorefraction with a kerato-refractometer (Topcon KR-8900 by Topcon Europe Medical B.V., Essebaan 11, Capelle a/d Ijssel, Netherlands) was performed by an optometrist with at least 5 years of experience with paediatric assessment. The spherical equivalent was calculated in diopters (D). Axial length measurements in millimeters (mm) were obtained with the noncontact optical biometry (IOL Master; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, Germany). Axial length measurements were performed 3 times by a single technician who was masked to subjects' clinical information, and the average of the 3 values was recorded. Poor signal values as well as values that differed by more than 0.1 mm were rejected and the measurement was repeated.