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10 protocols using phospho myosin light chain 2

1

Forskolin and Melatonin Modulate Chondrocyte Signaling

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Forskolin and melatonin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Y-27632 and arachidonic acid (AA) were purchased from Selleck Chemicals. The following antibodies were used in this study: BMAL1 (Abcam ab3350 for immunofluorescence and Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc-365645 for western blot), aggrecan (Millipore Sigma AB1031), MMP13 (Abcam ab39012 for western blot and Proteintech 18165-1-AP for immunofluorescence), and phosphomyosin light chain 2 (Ser19; Cell Signaling Technology 3671). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated β-actin mouse monoclonal antibody, HRP-conjugated AffiniPure goat anti-mouse or goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L), fluorescein (FITC)-conjugated AffiniPure goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L), and Cy3-conjugated AffiniPure goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) were purchased from Proteintech. Cell culture reagents were purchased from Gibco.
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2

Western Blot Protein Analysis Protocol

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Western blots were performed as previously described56 (link). The following antibodies were used: MCU (Abcam #Ab121499; dilution: 1/500), F1F0 ATPase (BD #612518; dilution: 1/1000), Vinculin (Santa Cruz #sc-55465; dilution: 1/2000), Paxillin H114 (Santa Cruz #sc-5574; dilution: 1/1000), Phospho-Paxillin Tyr 118 (Cell Signaling Technology #2541; dilution: 1/1000), Phospho-Myosin light chain 2 (Cell Signaling Technology #3671; dilution: 1/1000), STIM1 (Abcam #Ab57834; dilution: 1/1000) and Rac1 (Cell Biolabs #240106; dilution: 1/1000).
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3

Western Blot Protein Analysis Protocol

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Proteins were extracted from the lysed cells with a Mem-PER Plus membrane protein extraction kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog no. 89842). Trans-Blot Turbo (Bio-Rad) was used to transfer proteins from 8% sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel to a polyvinylidene difluoride Western blot membrane. The transferred membrane was incubated with 3% BSA and then with the primary antibodies at 4 °C overnight, including phospho-β-catenin-Ser675 (ABclonal, catalog no. AP0795), phospho-myosin light chain 2 (Ser19) (Cell Signaling, catalog no.3671), β-catenin (ABclonal, catalog no. A0316), tubulin (Abcam, catalog no. ab7291), APC (Abcam, catalog no. ab40778), Oct4 (Abcam, catalog no. ab181557), and Bmi1 (Abcam, catalog no. ab126783). The membrane was washed and incubated with the secondary antibodies, goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L)-HRP (horseradish peroxidase) conjugate and goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)-HRP conjugate (Bio-Rad, catalog no. 1706516), for 2 h. GAPDH (Abcam) was used for reference. The membranes were then incubated with Clarity and Clarity Max Western ECL Blotting Substrates (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Images were captured using the ChemiDoc Imaging system (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
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4

Immunostaining of N1E-115 Cells

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N1E-115 cells were washed in PBS, fixed in PBS containing 4% PFA (Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 min, and permeabilized in PBS containing 1% Triton X-100 for 2 min. Coverslips were washed in PBS for 20 min and blocked in 2% BSA and 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 min. Cells were stained with primary antibodies for 1 h (Alpha Tubulin Clone DM1A; Sigma-Aldrich), phospho–myosin light chain 2 (Cell Signaling Technology), and then with secondary antibodies for 30 min (Alexa Fluor 555–labeled phalloidin, Alexa Fluor 546 secondary antibody, and DAPI for 30 min; Invitrogen).
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5

Western Blot Analysis of Cytoskeletal Proteins

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For western blotting analysis, cells were lysed in RIPA buffer containing a cocktail of protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich). Equal amounts of protein (10–15 μg) were resolved on 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or 4-15% pre-cast Criterion acrylamide gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Gladesville, Australia) before electrotransfer onto nitrocellulose membrane. Immunoblotting was performed using antibodies directed against β-actin (clone AC-74, Sigma-Aldrich), γ-actin – courtesy of Pr Peter Gunning [17 (link)], GAPDH (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), phospho-myosin light chain 2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA), VE-cadherin (Cell signaling technology) and VEGFR-2 (Cell signaling technology). The membranes were then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated IgG secondary antibodies and protein detected with ECL Plus (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden). The blots were scanned and densitometric analysis performed as previously described [13 (link)].
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6

Protein Expression Profiling in FF-95 Cells

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FF-95 cells were harvested at 1 × 107 lysed with 500 µL IP lysis buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, and 5% glycerol) containing proteases and phosphatases inhibitor cocktail (Thermo Scientific) and then subjected to three rounds of sonication and two rounds of snap freezing in liquid nitrogen. Then, centrifugation (13,000 RPM at 4 °C) for 10 min and then collection of the supernatant were done. Protein yield was measured by Bradford assay and spectrophotometric analysis against a standard dilution. Then, 50 μg protein from each sample was run by SDS–PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Whatman). Membranes were blocked with 5% BSA in TBS supplemented with 0.1% Tween‐20 and incubated with primary antibodies against p21 (Cell Signaling Technology #2947), Myosin Light Chain 2 (Cell Signaling Technology #8505), Phospho-Myosin Light Chain 2 (Cell Signaling Technology #3674) overnight at 4 °C. Thereafter, membranes were incubated with secondary antibody (anti‐rabbit IgG) conjugated to HRP (Dianova, Germany) for 1 h at room temperature. Immunoreactions were detected by chemiluminescence using Vilber Fusion Fx7 system (Vilber Lourmat, Germany).
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7

Immunofluorescence Staining of SMCs

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SMCs were washed with PBS once and fixed for 10 minutes with 3.7% formaldehyde in PBS. Following fixation, cells were permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 minutes, incubated with primary antibody in blocking solution (PBS with 3% BSA) at 4°C overnight, then washed 3 times with PBS. Cells were then incubated with Alexa Fluor 568- or 647- conjugated secondary antibody diluted in blocking solution for 1 h at room temperature, washed 3 times in PBS and mounted with DAPI Fluoromount-G (0100-20, SouthernBiotech). Image analysis was performed using Fiji software. Primary antibodies included alpha smooth muscle actin (1:1000, SMA, 50-9760-82, Thermo Fischer, eFluor 660), total-p65 (1:500, 4764s, Cell Signaling), calponin-1 (1:500, ab46794, Abcam), phospho-myosin light chain 2 (1:500, 3671t, Cell signaling). Unconjugated primary antibodies were visualized with Alexa Fluor 568-, or 647- conjugated IgG (Invitrogen). Sections were mounted with DAPI Fluoromount-G (with DAPI, 0100-20, SouthernbBiotech) and imaged on an upright or inverted SP8 confocal microscope (Leica).
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8

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Human Amnion Cells

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Primary human amnion epithelial or mesenchymal cells were grown in 8-well chamber slide. Cells fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes. After washing with PBS, slides were incubated with 10% normal goat serum for 30 minutes at room temperature. Thereafter, slides were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. Primary antibodies used and concentration was as follows: DDR2 (#290814, R&D systems, 10 µg/ml), and Phospho-Myosin Light Chain 2 (Ser19, Cell Signaling, #3671, 1:50). After incubation with secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 488, 549, or 594, Invitrogen, 1:500 dilution), slides were mounted with Prolong Gold DAPI. Images were taken by Leica SP5 confocal microscopy, and generated by Image J software.
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9

Mechanisms of Cytoskeletal Regulation

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The following chemicals were used: Ionomycin (Cayman, 10004974), BAPTA (Invitrogen, B6769), Thapsigargin (Invitrogen, T7459), Paclitaxel (VWR, T104-0005), Colchicine (Sigma, C9754), Nocodazole (Sigma, M1404), C646 (Cayman, 328968-36-1), VIVIT (Cayman, 249537-73-3), BML 210 (Cayman, 537034-17-6), Fluo-4 AM (Introgen, F14201), SMIFH2 (Tocris, 4401), MG-132 (Sellekchem, S2619) and Chloroquine (Sigma, C6628).
The following primary antibodies were used for immunoblotting and co-immunoprecipitation: GEF-H1 (Cell Signaling, 4076S), acetylated a-tubulin (Santa Cruz, sc-23950), a-tubulin (Sigma, T6074), a-tubulin (Santa Cruz, sc-5274), GAPDH (Santa Cruz, sc-20357), Phospho Myosin Light Chain 2 (Cell Signaling, 3674S), Myosin Light Chain 2 (Cell Signaling, 8505S), mDia1 (Cell Signaling, 5486S), rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz, sc-2027). The following secondary antibodies were used for immunoblotting: ECL rabbit HRP-linked IgG (GE Healthcare, NA934) and ECL mouse HRP-linked IgG (GE Healthcare, NA931).
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10

Mechanisms of Cytoskeletal Regulation

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The following chemicals were used: Ionomycin (Cayman, 10004974), BAPTA (Invitrogen, B6769), Thapsigargin (Invitrogen, T7459), Paclitaxel (VWR, T104-0005), Colchicine (Sigma, C9754), Nocodazole (Sigma, M1404), C646 (Cayman, 328968-36-1), VIVIT (Cayman, 249537-73-3), BML 210 (Cayman, 537034-17-6), Fluo-4 AM (Introgen, F14201), SMIFH2 (Tocris, 4401), MG-132 (Sellekchem, S2619) and Chloroquine (Sigma, C6628).
The following primary antibodies were used for immunoblotting and co-immunoprecipitation: GEF-H1 (Cell Signaling, 4076S), acetylated a-tubulin (Santa Cruz, sc-23950), a-tubulin (Sigma, T6074), a-tubulin (Santa Cruz, sc-5274), GAPDH (Santa Cruz, sc-20357), Phospho Myosin Light Chain 2 (Cell Signaling, 3674S), Myosin Light Chain 2 (Cell Signaling, 8505S), mDia1 (Cell Signaling, 5486S), rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz, sc-2027). The following secondary antibodies were used for immunoblotting: ECL rabbit HRP-linked IgG (GE Healthcare, NA934) and ECL mouse HRP-linked IgG (GE Healthcare, NA931).
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