A sham TENS device (BeurerEM80, Beurer GmbH, Ulm, Germany) was used for the conditioning paradigm, which was renamed as a Dermal Nerve Stimulation (DNS) device to avoid possible preconceptions about TENS from interfering with experimental manipulations. Two TENS electrodes were attached vertically on the radial side of the forearm of the nondominant hand. The device itself was switched on as seeing the light would suggest its activation to the participant, but actually, it was never activated; thus, electrical signals were not delivered at any stage of the experiment. This device is not labelled for use under discussion. E-prime version 3.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburg, PA) was used for presenting the texts “DNS on” and “DNS off” on a monitor screen to indicate the (sham) activation of the DNS device. These texts were presented in purple and yellow, counter-balanced across participants.
E prime version 3
Manufactured by Psychology Software Tools
Sourced in United States
E-prime version 3.0 is a software suite designed for the creation and execution of psychological experiments. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for designing, running, and analyzing experiments. The core function of E-prime is to facilitate the development and deployment of computerized psychological research studies.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using e prime version 3
1
Sham Dermal Nerve Stimulation Protocol
2
Auditory Oddball Paradigm for MMN
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The pure-tone oddball paradigm was used to elicit MMN, with a 1,000 Hz pure tone as the standard stimulus (“S”), and a 1,200 Hz pure tone as the deviant stimulus (“D”). The paradigm comprised 1,000 sound stimuli lasting for 200 ms, with stimuli onset not synchronized at 1,000 ms. The stimuli were uninterrupted and pseudorandomly presented, with probabilities of 0.8 and 0.2 for standard and deviant stimuli, respectively. At least three standard stimuli were presented between two consecutive deviants. The stimulus sequence was programmed using E-Prime version 3.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburgh, PA, United States) and delivered through headphones. The experiment lasted approximately 17 min.
3
Impulsivity and Estradiol Effects on Delayed Reward Discounting
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The DDT measures the subjective rate at which one discounts delayed rewards (described in terms of a k value), which is thought to be associated with impulsivity or “loss-of-control” in drug-dependent individuals [[86] (link), [87] (link)]. Because estradiol is found to influence discounting behavior [88 (link)], we aim to further investigate brain regions associated with changes in hormone concentrations and impulsivity. In the task, participants choose between smaller immediately available hypothetical monetary rewards and larger rewards available after a delay (in days). Over the course of 51 trials, the magnitudes of the sooner and later rewards and time of delay varies across trials. This task is administered using E-Prime (version 3.0, Psychology Software Tools, Inc.).
4
EEG Recording of Visual Perception Task
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During the experiment, participants sat in a dimly light room ∼70 cm from a 24-inch LCD monitor (resolution, 1920 × 1080 pixels; refresh frequency, 60 Hz). E-prime, version 3.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PA), was used to present all visual stimuli with the corresponding triggers and to record both response accuracy and reaction time via the keypress. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded using Brain Vision Recorder, version 2.0 (Brain Products GmbH, Germany), at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz from 64 electrodes placed on the scalp according to the international 10-10 system. The EEG record was referenced online against the FCz site and was grounded at the AFz site. One electrode was placed on the left mastoid and another on the right mastoid for offline re-referencing. The vertical electrooculogram was recorded just below the left eye. The horizontal electrooculogram was recorded at the outer canthus of the right eye. Electrode impedances were kept below 5 kΩ for the duration of the experiment. The E‐Prime and the EEG system software timing were synchronized with the video stimulus onset.
5
Assessing Risk-Taking Behavior Using BART
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The BART provides an ecologically valid model to assess human risk-taking propensity and behavior [84 (link)]. Since risky behavior is associated with hormone levels [85 (link)], we aim to identify brain regions associated with both the changes in hormone concentrations and risk-taking behavior in a substance-using population. During the task, participants inflate a virtual balloon that either increases in size (gaining monetary reward for each pump) or explodes (loss of monetary reward). The task consists of 60 trials (balloons) with a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 24 pumps each. The primary outcome measure is the adjusted average number of pumps, which is the average number of times that the participant pumped the balloon during a session – only considering unexploded balloons. This task is administered using E-Prime (version 3.0, Psychology Software Tools, Inc.).
6
Auditory Stimulus Protocols in Cognitive Tasks
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A first low-pitch tone (150ms, 440Hz sine wave, sample rate: 44100Hz, bit-rate 16:
Poonian & Cunington, 2013) was created as the start stimulus in the Control condition. A second high-pitch tone (100ms, 1 KHz sine wave, sample rate: 44100Hz, bit-rate 16: Humphreys & Buehner, 2010) was created as the end stimulus in the Control condition and as the action's outcome in the Operant Manual, Operant Vocal and Observed Manual conditions. The experiment was run using E-prime version 3.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PA, USA). All auditory stimuli were created using MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).
Poonian & Cunington, 2013) was created as the start stimulus in the Control condition. A second high-pitch tone (100ms, 1 KHz sine wave, sample rate: 44100Hz, bit-rate 16: Humphreys & Buehner, 2010) was created as the end stimulus in the Control condition and as the action's outcome in the Operant Manual, Operant Vocal and Observed Manual conditions. The experiment was run using E-prime version 3.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PA, USA). All auditory stimuli were created using MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA).
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