Sta 449c jupiter apparatus

Thermal degradation under an inert atmosphere, volatile thermal decomposition products and thermal effects of the processes occurring during heating were studied by thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with differential thermal analysis (DTA) and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) using a Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH (Selb, Germany) STA 449 C Jupiter apparatus coupled with a Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH (Selb, Germany) QMS 403C Aeolos quadrupole mass spectrometer. The samples were placed in Al₂O₃ crucibles and heated in a stream of argon (flow rate of 90 mL/min) from 30 to 1000 °C at a heating rate of 5 °C/min.

The microscopy studies, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and high resolution SEM (HR SEM), were performed using a Hitachi S4500 system (Hitachi High-Technologies Europe GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Thermal characterizations were performed using a Netzsch Thermal Analyzer (Netzsch—Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany).
The thermal analysis TG-DSC for the cellulose samples (~20 mg) was performed with a Netzsch STA 449C Jupiter apparatus. The samples were placed in an open crucible made of alumina and heated with 10 K·min⁻¹ from room temperature up to 900 °C, under the flow of 50 mL min⁻¹ dried air. An empty alumina crucible was used as reference.
Spectroscopy Bruker Tensor 27 FTIR with a Diamond Attenuated Total Reflection—ATR (Bruker) was used to study the interactions between the chemicals used in the mem- branes developed. FTIR analysis was recorded in the range of 500 to 4000 cm⁻¹. UV-VIS analysis was performed on a Spectrometer CamSpec M550 (Spectronic CamSpec Ltd., Leeds, UK). Other devices used were as follows: ultrasonic bath (Elmasonic S, Elma Schmidbauer GmbH, Singen, Germany), vacuum oven (VIOLA—Shimadzu, Bucharest, Romania).

Thermal analysis, TG-DSC, was performed with a STA 449C Jupiter apparatus, from Netzsch (Selb, Germany). Each sample weighed approximatively 10 mg. The samples were placed in an open alumina crucible and heated up to 900 °C with 10 K∙min⁻¹ rate, under flow of 50 mL∙min⁻¹ dried air. As reference, we used an empty alumina crucible. The evolved gases were analyzed with a FTIR Tensor 27 from Bruker (Bruker Co., Ettlingen, Germany), equipped with a thermostated gas cell.