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Theobromine

Manufactured by Fujifilm
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Sourced in Japan

Theobromine is a chemical compound used in laboratory equipment. It is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in cocoa beans and serves as a stimulant and diuretic. Theobromine is commonly used in the production of various laboratory reagents and analytical standards.

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Lab products found in correlation

Caffeine, by Fujifilm (2 mentions) Phenobarbital sodium salt, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Caffeine anhydrous, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) N n methylenebisacrylamide, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) N n dimethylformamide (dmf), by Kanto Chemical (1 mentions) Trisodium citrate dihydrate, by Kanto Chemical (1 mentions) S adenosyl l homocysteine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Catalase, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Hesperetin, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions) Annexin 5 alexa fluor 488, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Superoxide dismutase sod, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Xanthine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Theophylline, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Paraxanthine, by LGC (1 mentions) 7 methylxanthine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Glucose cii test wako kit, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Anti rabbit igg, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Bdnf emax immunoassay system, by Promega (1 mentions) Anti creb, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Toluene, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)

7 protocols using theobromine

1

Molecular Imprinting for Selective Sensing

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Methacrylic acid (MAA), N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA), phenobarbital sodium salt, caffeine anhydrous, theobromine, and THO were all purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industry (Osaka, Japan). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and trisodium citrate dihydrate were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Both MAA and EDMA were distilled under reduced pressure in the presence of a hydroquinone inhibitor. The distilled monomers were stored in the dark at room temperature and in a refrigerator, respectively, before use. Bovine blood for testing was purchased from the Tokyo Shibaura Zoki Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) (5 g/L trisodium citrate dihydrate was added into the blood as an anticoagulant). Spherical graphite particles of diameter 8 µm (SG-BH8), donated by Ito Graphite Co., Ltd. (Kuwana, Japan), were used as the MIP substrate. The conductive ink (LC3111) for the paper was obtained from ePRONICS Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Inkjet photo paper (265 µm in thickness and A4 size) was locally purchased from Sanwa Supply Co., Ltd. (Okayama, Japan). Thermally adhesive PET films LZ-A4100 (100 μm) were obtained from Iris Ohyama, Inc. (Sendai, Japan). Silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) ink was purchased from ALS Co., Ltd. (Tokyo).
A.a.r.y.a.s.h.r.e.e., Ohishi T, & Yoshimi Y. (2022). A Disposable Sensor Chip Using a Paste Electrode with Surface-Imprinted Graphite Particles for Rapid and Reagentless Monitoring of Theophylline. Molecules, 27(8), 2456.
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2

Purine Alkaloids and Derivatives

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S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) was purchased from Sangon Biotech. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Xanthosine, theobromine and caffeine were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. 7-methylxanthine was purchased from Target Molecule. 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid and theacrine were supplied by Shanghai Better-In Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd.
Zhang Y.H., Li Y.F., Wang Y., Tan L., Cao Z.Q., Xie C., Xie G., Gong H.B., Sun W.Y., Ouyang S.H., Duan W.J., Lu X., Ding K., Kurihara H., Hu D., Zhang Z.M., Abe I, & He R.R. (2020). Identification and characterization of N9-methyltransferase involved in converting caffeine into non-stimulatory theacrine in tea. Nature Communications, 11, 1473.
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3

Phytochemical Compound Acquisition

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Propidium iodide (PI), EGCG, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), naringenin from Enzo (Ann Arbor, MI), annexin V-Alexa Fluor 488 from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA), theobromine from Wako (Osaka, Japan), eriodictyol cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (Cya-gal) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cya-glu) from ExtraSynthese (Riom, France). Hesperetin were provided from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan) and epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC) were purchased from Mitsuinorin (Tokyo, Japan).
Kumazoe M., Fujimura Y., Hidaka S., Kim Y., Murayama K., Takai M., Huang Y., Yamashita S., Murata M., Miura D., Wariishi H., Maeda-Yamamoto M, & Tachibana H. (2015). Metabolic Profiling-based Data-mining for an Effective Chemical Combination to Induce Apoptosis of Cancer Cells. Scientific Reports, 5, 9474.
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4

Antibacterial Effects of Theobromine and EGCG

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For the testing of antibacterial ability, theobromine (TB; Molecular weight: 180.16, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; Molecular weight: 458.37, Nagara Science, Gifu, Japan), as a positive control (see Fig. 2), were prepared at final concentrations of 0, 0.2, 2, and 4 mM. These final concentrations of either TB or EGCG were added to TSBY agar containing 0.5% yeast extract (20 mL). The bacterium, Streptococcus mutans ATCC25175, was inoculated into the TSBY medium and cultured at 37ºC under anaerobic conditions for 24 h. For bacterial enumeration, 100 μL of S. mutans culture solution was prepared at a density of 1×10 3 CFU/mL with PBS then inoculated into each agar medium and cultured at 37ºC under anaerobic conditions for 24 h, after which CFU was determined.
Shimizu S., Kusakabe S., Toyama M., Takagaki T., Kitada N., Yamamoto K., Ikeda M., Ichimura Y., Burrow M.F., Hotta M, & Nikaido T. (2023). Bacterial adhesion and antibacterial property of coating materials containing theobromine and S-PRG filler. Dental materials journal, 42(1).
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5

Caffeine Metabolism Analysis

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Caffeine was purchased from Cosmo Bio, Japan. We obtained 3-methylxanthine, theophylline, theobromine and xanthine from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Japan. A supply of 1-methylxanthine was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry, Japan, while 7-methylxanthine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Paraxanthine was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals, Canada. Characteristics (i.e., chemical structure, molecular formula, pKa, and log P) of caffeine and its metabolites are summarized in Table S1 (Supporting Information). Ultrapure water was produced by a Milli-Q Advantage A10 System.
He K., Echigo S., Asada Y, & Itoh S. (2018). Determination of Caffeine and Its Metabolites in Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, 34(3).
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6

Molecular Signaling Pathways Assay

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Theobromine, caffeine-d9, and the Glucose CII-Test WAKO Kit were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). The BDNF Emax® ImmunoAssay System was purchased from Promega Corporation (Madison, WI, USA).
Anti-phospho-VASP (Ser239), anti-βactin, anti-CREB, anti-phospho-CREB (Ser133), horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked anti-mouse IgG, and anti-rabbit IgG antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA).
Yoneda M., Sugimoto N., Katakura M., Matsuzaki K., Tanigami H., Yachie A., Ohno-Shosaku T, & Shido O. (2017). Theobromine up-regulates cerebral brain-derived neurotrophic factor and facilitates motor learning in mice. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 39.
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7

HPLC Analysis of Diverse Organic Compounds

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APS (particle size, 5 µm; pore size, 120 Å) was a kind gift from Daiso Chemical (Osaka, Japan). HPLC grade of acetonitrile (ACN), benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, toluene, uracil, thymidine, cytosine, uridine, adenosine, thymine, cytidine, theobromine and caffeine were obtained from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). PLLA (average molecular weight: 5,000) and dioxane was from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan).
Hypoxanthine was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).
4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM), inosine, phenanthrene and pyridoxine were from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Ethylbenzene and adenine were from Kishida Chemicals (Osaka, Japan).
Paraxanthine was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Ohyama K., Takasago S., Kishikawa N, & Kuroda N. (2015). Poly(L-lactic acid)-modified silica stationary phase for reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Journal of separation science, 38(5).
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