Indeno 1 2 3 cd pyrene

A PAH standard mixture containing the following 16 PAHs was purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA): naphthalene (Nap); acenaphthylene (Acy); acenaphthene (Ace); fluorene (Flu); phenanthrene (Phe); anthracene (Ant); fluoranthene (Flut); pyrene (Pyr); benzo[a]anthracene (BaA); chrysene (Chr); benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF); benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF); benzo[a]pyrene (BaP); benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BP); dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DA); and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IP). The following five deuterium isotopes of PAHs were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan): D₈-Nap; D₁₀-Ace; D₁₀-Phe; D₁₀-Pyr; and D₁₂-BaP. All organic solvents were of pesticide residue and polychlorinated biphenyl test grade. Other chemicals and ultrapure water were of analytical grade.

Thirteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analysed in this study. Certified reference material EPA 525 PAH Mix B (SupelCo, Bellefonte, PA, USA) was acquired as an internal standard, containing: acenaphthylene (ACNY), anthracene (ANTH), benz[a]anthracene (B[a]A), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F), benzo[ghi]perylene (B[ghi]P), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), chrysene (CHRY), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (D[ah]A), fluorene (FL), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (I[123-cd]P), phenanthrene (PHEN), and pyrene (PYR).
Sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), and hexane (C₆H₁₄) (HPLC grade) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hypergrade acetonitrile (ACN) was purchased from Merck (Kenilworth, NJ, USA). Sample clean-up was performed using Supel QuE Z-Sep tubes (SupelCo). Preparation of samples was performed using polypropylene tubes. Glass tubes were used during extraction to minimise interference of the samples.

Ground beef from beef chuck (7 g fat/100 g meat) was purchased from a local market in Bangkok, Thailand. Six flavonoids, including kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, morin, rutin, and taxifolin were purchased from Sigma (St. Louise, MO, USA). We obtained 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), potassium persulfate, 37% hydrochloric and sodium acetate acid from Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). TPTZ (2,4,6-tri (2-picridyl)-triazine, Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, Iron (II) Sulfate Heptahydrate of Grade AR were purchased from QRec (Auckland, New Zealand).
EPA PAH8: (benz(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chry), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (InP), dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DahA) and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP)) and QuEChERS kits were purchased from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). Internal standards (Acenaphthene-d10 and Chrysene-d12) were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany), magnesium sulfate and sodium acetate were purchased from Ajax Finechem (Silverwater, NSW, Australia), all solvent high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade—(acetonitrile, methanol), ethanol (AR grade) and n-hexane (AR grade) were obtained from RCI Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand).