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90 protocols using kimwipe

1

Lipid Analysis of Obese and Wild-Type Mice

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Obese homozygous (ob/ob) and wild type (WT, C57BL/6J) male mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME), and kept separately under a temperature- (23 °C) and lighting- (12 h of light and dark) controlled house with free access to a standard chow (Teklad Diet 2916, Harlan Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN) and water. At the 3 or 4 mo of age, mice were euthanized by asphyxiation with CO2 followed by cervical dislocation. The livers were excised quickly and perfused with ice-cold PBS to remove blood, blotted with Kimwipes (Kimberly-Clark, Roswell, GA) to remove excess buffer, and then immediately freeze-clamped at the temperature of liquid N2. All of tissue samples were stored at −80 °C until lipid extraction and analysis. All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals” (National Research Council of National Academies, 2010) and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute.
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2

Quantifying Botrytis cinerea Infection on Tomato Leaves

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Botrytis cinerea spores were cultivated on MEP (Mannitol Egg yolk Polymyxin) solid medium at 22°C. Spores were collected by washing the agar surface with sterile distilled water containing 0.1% Tween 20, filtered through sterile Kimwipes (Kimberly-Clark Dallas, Texas, United States), to remove fragments of hyphae, and adjusted to a concentration of 1 × 106 conidia/ml. Ten μl drops of spore suspension were put on tomato leaves, 6 hpt with 100 fM ProSys fragments, using 10 different inoculation points per detached leaf. The assay was carried out using for each compound leaves from 5 different plants. Detached leaves were placed on sponges soaked in sterile water and incubated in a growth chamber at 23°C, under 16:8 h light/dark photoperiod and 90% ± 5% RH. The size of the lesions was measured at 1, 3, 5, and 8 days after infection using a digital caliper.
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3

Liver Tissue Harvesting from Control and L2hgdh Knockout Mice

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Liver tissue was harvested from male and female C57BL/6J control mice and a previously described L2hgdh knockout (KO) mutant (Brinkley et al., 2020 (link)). All mice were aged 2–4 months were given normal chow (Labdiet) ad libitum. For mouse starvation, chow was removed in the evening, 14 hrs prior to tissue harvest. At time of harvest, mice were anesthetized using isoflourane (Vetone) and blood was collected. Mice were then euthanized. Tissues were briefly washed in chilled DPBS (Corning), dried using kimwipes (Kimberly-Clark) and snap frozen using liquid nitrogen. All animal studies were approved by institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) as previously described (Brinkley et al., 2020 (link)).
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4

Morphological Analysis of SMP Dispersions

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The morphology of SMP dispersions was studied using TEM. A freshly glow discharged 400 mesh cop-per grid with a thin carbon film was placed on 50 µL of an SMP dispersion droplet deposited on a piece of Parafilm (Bemis Co., Neenah, WI). After removing excess sample with a piece of Kimwipes (Kimberly-Clark, Irving, TX), the grid was washed briefly by placing on a drop of water. The washed grid was stained by placing on a drop of 1% uranyl acetate for 1 min. After removing excess stain using a piece of Kimwipes, the sample was dried at RT before imaging on a Zeiss Libra 200MC (Carl Zeiss Inc., Fort Lauderdale, FL) operating at 200 kV.
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5

Adsorption and Desorption of Water in Demineralized Dentin

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New specimens of demineralized dry dentin were created as described above. When the dry specimens were allowed to reach their first plateau in mass gain, they were transferred to a sealed polyethylene container half-filled with fresh dry Drierite for 5 min at 25 °C and then immediately reweighed to determine if any adsorbed water evaporated into a zero % RH environment.
The experimental specimens were then allowed to adsorb more water until they reached the second plateau in mass gain. Those specimens were then sealed in fresh dry containers at 0% RH for 5 min to determine if any of the adsorbed water could evaporate in 5 min at 25 °C.
After allowing the specimens to reach the third plateau in mass of adsorbed water, they were again sealed into a container of fresh dry Drierite for 5 min to determine if any of the adsorbed water could evaporate from the specimens at 25 °C.
Finally, all specimens were immersed in liquid water at 25 °C for 1 hr, gently blot-dried on water-moist Kimwipes (Kimberly-Clark, Roswell, GA, USA) and placed into a sealed container of fresh, dry, Drierite for 5 min to see how much of their fully-hydrated mass could be lost at 25 °C in 5 min in a zero RH environment.
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6

Bioassay for Botrytis cinerea Pathogenesis

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For this bioassay, 4-week-old ProSys(1-178) transgenic plants were inoculated with fungal spores as previously described [29 (link)]. Briefly, spores of B. cinerea were suspended in sterile distilled water, filtered through sterile Kimwipes (Kimberly-Clark; Dallas, TX, USA) and adjusted to a concentration of 1 × 106 spores/mL. A total of 10 µL of the spore suspension was applied between the leaf veins, using four different inoculation points per leaf. Five plants for each of lines 1 and 2 were used. Lesion’s diameters were measured at different time points (1, 3, 5 and 8 days post inoculum) using a digital caliper (Neiko 01407A; Neiko Tools, Taiwan, China). For each sample, 2 technical replicates were used.
The assay was also performed on detached leaves exogenously supplied with ProSys(1-178). For this purpose, leaves of four-week-old plants were harvested and treated with 100 pM recombinant protein or control buffer and, after 6 h, a spore suspension of B. cinerea was applied. Necroses were measured as reported above. Three leaves from three different plants per each treatment were used.
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7

HaCaT Cell Seeding in Hydrogel Microwells

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Seeding of HaCaT cells in the fabricated hydrogel microwells were carried out using a previously developed wiping method [55 (link)] (Figure 7D). The fabricated hydrogel microwell arrays were gently patted dry with UV-sterilized Kimwipes (Kimberly-Clark, Irving, TX, USA). Then 20 μL of HaCaT cell suspension (20 million cells/mL) was added to the edge of a coverslip and wiped across the microwells using the coverslip. Once spread onto the glass slide, the cells in the suspensions settled into the microwells in a few minutes because of gravitational forces. The microwell arrays seeded with HaCaT cells were maintained in culture media in a 95% air/5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37 °C and the media was changed every 3 days. Cell viability assays were performed in triplicates on days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 after seeding, using a Nikon Eclipse Ti fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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8

pH Measurement of S. mutans Cultures

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The pH values of supernatants harvested from 24-h-old S. mutans cultures inoculated with 106 bacteria in 25 ml of BHI broth alone or with 25 μM METH, 2% sucrose, or 25 μM METH plus 2% sucrose were measured using a calibrated pH meter (Thermo Fisher). Briefly, we placed the tip of the flat pH electrode on the surface of a stirring S. mutans culture in BHI broth to measure the pH. After measurement of a sample, the tip of the electrode was extensively rinsed with 10% bleach first, followed by dH2O, and blot dried with a soft tissue (Kimwipes; Kimberly-Clark). Sterile BHI broth alone or supplemented with METH, sucrose, or the combination was used as a baseline control.
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9

Monitoring Indoor Air Quality and Dust

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PM2.0 and floor dust were collected in each of the three locations (Table S2). PM2.0 samplers (Model 400 Micro-Environmental Monitor, MSP Corporation, Shoreview, MN, USA) were loaded with pre-baked (550 °C, 12 h) 37-mm quartz fiber filters (Pall Laboratory, Port Washington, NY, USA) and used to collect air samples (16 L min−1) at a height of 175 cm, approximately an adult’s average breathing zone height (U.S. EPA, 2011 ), before, during, and after floor stripping/waxing events. Samples were collected for ~24 h between 3 and 7 days before stripping (before), ~18 h starting when stripping/waxing began (during), and for ~24 h 13 days after that (after). Filters were stored in Polystyrene PetriSlides (MilliporeSigma, Burlington, MA, USA) in a zip-lock bag at −20 °C. Two Kimwipes (each 21.33 × 11.17 cm, Kimberly-Clark Professional, Irving, TX, USA) were wetted with methanol (sprayed evenly, no dripping) and used to collect floor dust samples before- and after-waxing in an area 45 cm × 45 cm, in 1 location/room selected based on light foot traffic (Section S4). Each wipe sample was folded and stored in a 50-mL polypropylene centrifuge tube at −20°C until analysis. Field blanks (3 filter blanks and 3 wipe blanks) were handled, stored, and analyzed the same way with samples.
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10

Assessing Barrier Integrity using Dye Penetration

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The penetration of a 1% green dye (FD&C Green #3) solution through the topical barriers following application of the barrier film to a coated, water‐resistant poster board (RR Donnelly and Sons, Shakopee, MN) was used to assess barrier integrity. Three separate demonstration boards were used, and 6 different barriers were coated on each board in 5 cm by 25 cm rectangles. Following coating, samples were dried for 1 hour and then five (5) 2.5 to 3.75 cm diameter delicate task wipers (Kimwipes, Kimberly‐Clark Professional, Roswell, GA) were used to cover the barrier films. Four drops of colored dye solution were placed around the periphery of the wipers. After 5 minutes, the wipers were removed and excess dye was washed from the barrier surface with 1L of distilled water. Samples were dried and the percent of barrier which had remained intact prior to the application of the four dye drops was assessed by quantifying the dye area vs original barrier application area using a custom MATLAB® script. Fifteen images per barrier film were analyzed.
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