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43 protocols using anti βiii tubulin

1

Immunofluorescence Staining Antibody Protocol

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The purified polyclonal antibody against SNPH residues 225–428 was described previously (Kang et al., 2008 (link)). Sources of other antibodies or reagents are as follows: anti–βIII-tubulin, anti-MAP2, anti–Tau-1, anti-dynein IC74, and anti–GAP-43 were from EMD Millipore; anti–cytochrome c was from BD; anti-TOM20 was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.; anti-Miro1/2 (HPA010687) and anti-Trak2 were from Sigma-Aldrich; ECL-HRP–linked secondary antibodies were from GE Healthcare; and Alexa Fluor 546– or Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated secondary antibodies were from Invitrogen.
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2

Pluripotent Stem Cell Characterization

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AP staining was performed using an ES-AP detection kit (EMD Millipore) according to manufacturer’s recommendations. SA-β-gal activity was detected using SA-β-gal staining kit (Cell Signaling Technology) according to manufacturer’s protocol. For immunocytochemical analysis, we used anti-SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 (mouse, 1:100; EMD Millipore), anti–β-III-tubulin (mouse, 1:400; EMD Millipore), rabbit anti–LC-3B (1:200; Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-ASM (1:1,000, Abcam), mouse anti-LAMP1 (1:100; Abcam), and mouse anti-LBPA (1:500; Echelon).
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3

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endothelial Cells

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Differentiated ES cells were fixed with phosphate-buffered saline 4% paraformaldehyde (PBS-PFA) (Santa Cruz), treated for 1 h with PBS 0.1% Triton X100 (Merck Life Science) containing 5% donkey serum (Dako North America Inc) and 5% BSA (Merck Life Science) and incubated with primary antibodies for 3 h at 37 °C in a moist chamber. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-βIII-tubulin 1:1000 diluted in PBS (Merck Life Science) and anti-VE-cadherin 1: 100 diluted in PBS (R&D Systems). After rinsing three times with PBS, cells were incubated with 555 AlexaFluor donkey anti-goat and 488 AlexaFluor donkey anti-mouse (Invitrogen, Thermofisher Scientific) at 5 µg/ml for 1 h. After rinsing three times with PBS, nuclei were stained with DAPI and slides were sealed with aqueous mounting solution (Dako North America Inc). Images were captured by using a Leica TCS SPE confocal laser-scanning microscope, analyzed with Leica Confocal Software (LCS; Leica Microsystems). To quantify VE-cadherin+ endothelial cells, sequential images, covering the entire surface of a chamber slide well (0.7 cm2), were acquired with a Leica AF6000LX workstation. The area occupied by endothelial cells was measured with ImageJ software by using the Angiogenesis Analyzer for ImageJ [25 ].
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4

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Glial and Neural Markers

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Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected by chicken polyclonal anti-GFAP (cat. no. AB5541; Merck KGaA). Other antibodies were as follows: Rabbit polyclonal anti-light chain (LC)3B (cat. no. 2775), rabbit monoclonal anti-Atg7 (D12B11; cat. no. 8558), anti-cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)2 (78B2; cat. no. 2546; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) and anti-p62 (cat. no. P0067), mouse monoclonal anti-nestin (cat. no. N5413) (both Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), anti-βIII-tubulin (cat. no. AB15708; Merck KGaA), anti-O4 (cat.no. O7139; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA), anti-β-actin (cat. no. sc-47778; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), anti-tubulin βIII (cat. no. MAB1637; Merck KGaA), anti-doublecortin (DCX; cat. no. ab2253) and anti-caspase-3 antibody (cat. no. 9662; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.). Curcumin (cat. no. C1386-5G) and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA (cat. no. D4008-100MG). 3-Methyladenine (3MA, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases and autophagosome formation; cat. no. s2767) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Shanghai, China).
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5

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cilia

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The cells were washed with Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS, Welgene, Korea) and fixed in 4% formaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA) for 10 min at room temperature. After washing with DPBS, the cells were blocked and permeabilized with 3% BSA and 0.3% TritonX-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) in DPBS for 1 h at room temperature.
The cells were stained with anti-Arl13b (1:100~250) in 1% BSA in DPBS and washed with 0.1% BSA in DPBS, followed by incubation in the proper secondary antibody. If needed, anti-βIII tubulin (Merck Millipore, AB9354) was used for staining. Hoechst33342 was used to visualize the nuclei. Cell images were taken with a confocal microscope or a FLoid cell imaging station (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and the ciliated cells were counted by two persons blinded to the treatments. We used Arl13B as a cilia marker for the entire study. To obtain the percentage of ciliated cells, the number of Arl13B+ cells was counted as ciliated cells and divided by the total number of cells.
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6

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Neuronal Markers

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Immunofluorescence was performed on adherent cells grown on coverslips for 72 hours and fixed in 4% para-formaldehyde or in methanol/acetone 3:7, and permeabilized with 0.15% Triton X-100 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and incubated with the following antibodies: anti-β-III Tubulin (Sigma Aldrich; cat. no. T5076), anti-Neurofilament-H (Cell Signaling Technology; cat. no. 2836), anti-NF-kBp65 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; cat. no. sc-372). Nuclei were counterstained by bisbenzimide Hoechst 33258 (Sigma Aldrich). Cell fluorescence was then evaluated by microscope Nikon Eclipse 90i (Nikon Instruments, Firenze, Italy).
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7

Western Blot Analysis of Hippocampal Proteins

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Mouse hippocampus were prepared from P30 control and CCK-Cre;Erbb4F/F homogenized in lysis buffer containing 50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.5 mM prevanadate with Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Complete, Mini, Roche). Samples were denatured and run on 10% SDS–PAGE gels. Gels were electrophoretically transferred onto PVDF membranes (Whatman GmbH). Membranes were blocked with 5% BSA (Sigma) in TBS (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl) for 1 h and probed with primary antibodies: anti-β III-tubulin (1:2000; Sigma #T8660), anti-GAD65 (1:1000; Millipore #MAB351R) and anti-GAD67 (1:1000; Chemicon #MAB5406), in 1% BSA in TBS + 0.1% Tween20. Subsequently, they were treated with horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and ECL western blotting detection reagents (Immobilon, Millipore) Signals were acquired as 16 bit images with a luminescent image analyzer (LAS-1000PLUS; Fujifilm) and quantified with Quantity One 1D Analysis Software (Bio-Rad Laboratories).
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8

Immunocytochemical Analysis of α-Synuclein

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For immunocytochemical staining, SH-SY5Y cells or primary hipocampal neurons were plated onto cover slips coated with poly-L-lysine. Cells were rinsed with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.25% Triton for 20 min. Nonspecific epitopes were blocked with 1% BSA. Then, incubations with primary antibodies were carried out in buffer containing 0.1% Triton at 4°C for 16 h. The following antibodies were used: anti-α-syn (1 : 1000; BD Transduction Laboratories), anti-phospho-Ser129 α-syn (1 : 200; ab51253 from Abcam plc, Cambridge, UK) and anti-β-III tubulin (1 : 5000; Sigma Aldrich). Phospho-Ser129 α-syn was detected using biotinylated goat-anti-rabbit (1 : 200; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA) and streptavidin-conjugated Dylight fluorophore 488 (1 : 400; Vector Laboratories). α-Syn and β-III Tubulin were detected directly with Dylight 594 (1 : 400; Vector Laboratories) secondary antibody. In some experiments, nuclear staining was achieved by incubation with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Dapi) (Biotium Inc., Hayward, CA, USA). Images were acquired with a Zeiss LSM 710 NLO confocal microscope (Jena, Germany).
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9

Immunocytochemistry Analysis of Cells

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For immunocytochemistry, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at RT, washed PBS, and blocked with 10% bovine serum and 0.1% Triton X-100. Primary antibodies include anti β-III TUBULIN (T2200, Sigma Aldrich), anti Mitochondria (NB600-556, Novus Biologicals). Secondary antibodies used were conjugated with Alexa 488 or Alexa 555 (Invitrogen) and nuclei were counterstained with 1 μg/ml Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen). Coverslips were mounted using PBS/Glycerol (1:1), visualized using a confocal microscope Fluoview FV1000 (Olympus) and acquired with the software FV10-ASW Version 2.0.
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10

Immunofluorescence Analysis of ESCs

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For immunofluorescence analysis, ESCs were fixed, permeabilized, and incubated with primary antibodies and an appropriate secondary antibody (13 (link)). Nuclei were counterstained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (1:5000; Calbiochem). Sectioned SFEBs were obtained and stained as previously described (15 (link)). The following primary antibodies were used: anti-Yap (1:300; NB110-58358; Novus Biological) and anti-βIII tubulin (1:400; Sigma). Alexa Fluor 594 or 488 secondary antibodies were used (1:400; Thermo Fisher Scientific). Cells were visualized using an inverted microscope (Leica Microsystems), and the images were captured with a digital camera (DFC365 FX; Leica Microsystems) using LAS-AF software (Leica Microsystems).
Confocal images were acquired with LSM510META microscope (Carl Zeiss GmbH) using LSM510 software (Zeiss). After acquisition, the images were color corrected using the brightness, contrast, and color-balance commands applied to every pixel in each image.
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