Multiflex

Manufactured by Rigaku

Sourced in Japan

The MultiFlex is a multipurpose X-ray diffractometer designed for versatile laboratory applications. It is capable of performing a wide range of X-ray diffraction measurements, including phase identification, quantitative analysis, and structural characterization of various materials. The MultiFlex offers high-performance components and advanced features to provide reliable and accurate results.

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Lab products found in correlation

Toc vcsh ssm 5000a, by Shimadzu (2 mentions) Uv 2550, by Shimadzu (2 mentions) Jsm 6380a, by JEOL (1 mentions) Nex cg, by Rigaku (1 mentions) Jsm 7600, by JEOL (1 mentions) Jps 9010tr, by JEOL (1 mentions) Su8020, by Hitachi (1 mentions) Uv 1280, by Shimadzu (1 mentions) Tristar 2 3020, by Micromeritics (1 mentions) Micro raman spectrometer, by Renishaw (1 mentions) Jem 2010, by JEOL (1 mentions) Su8000, by Hitachi (1 mentions) Escalab xi spectrometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Jnm ecs nmr spectrometer, by JEOL (1 mentions) Frontier mir fir, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions) Flame s, by OceanOptics (1 mentions) Diamond prism, by Jasco (1 mentions) H2so4, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Jsm 6330f, by JEOL (1 mentions)

19 protocols using multiflex

Characterization of Porous Calcium Carbonate

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The specific surface area and pore size distribution of the resultant calcium carbonate samples were determined by nitrogen gas adsorption based on the multi-point BET method and the BJH method, respectively. Both analyses were conducted on Autosorb-1-c/MK2 (Quantachrome, USA). Prior to the measurements, the samples were degassed for 2 h at 200 °C under a vacuum to remove adsorbed solvent molecules. X-ray diffraction (XRD, MultiFlex, Rigaku, Japan) powder patterns of the samples were obtained with CuKα radiation (40 kV, 40 mA) to determine the polymorphs of calcium carbonate and the crystallite size. SEM and TEM studies were performed using a JEOL JSM-6380A and JEOL JFM-2100F, respectively.
Fluorescence spectroscopy was performed to investigate the incorporation of organic compounds into the porous calcium carbonate. An RF-5300 PC fluorescent spectrometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was used to measure the fluorescence spectra of the powder samples, which were placed in a solid sample holder attached to the instrument. The excitation wavelength was fixed at 330 nm. The widths of the excitation and emission slits were fixed at 5 and 10 nm, respectively.

Kadota K., Ibe T., Sugawara Y., Takano H., Yusof Y.A., Uchiyama H., Tozuka Y, & Yamanaka S. (2020). Water-assisted synthesis of mesoporous calcium carbonate with a controlled specific surface area and its potential to ferulic acid release. RSC Advances, 10(47), 28019-28025.

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Soil Characterization and Contamination Assessment

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The type of soil was determined by standard particle size analysis using a series of screens (>75 μm) and a laser diffractometer (<75 μm) (L200, Beckman Coulter Inc., USA). For the chemical and mineralogical analyses, the samples were manually ground to <50 μm using an agate mortar and pestle and then analysed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF, NEXCG, Rigaku Corporation, Japan) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, MultiFlex, Rigaku Corporation, Japan). XRD peaks were identified using the Match!® software (Crystal Impact, Germany). To measure the total organic carbon (TOC) and inorganic carbon (IC) contents of soil samples, a total carbon analyser equipped with a solid sample combustion unit (TOC-V_CSH-SSM-5000A, Shimadzu Corporation, Japan) was used. Selected soil samples were also examined by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS, InTouchScope™, JSM-IT200, JEOL Ltd., Japan).
Four indices—geo-accumulation index (I_geo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and contamination degree (CD)—were determined to evaluate the extent of contamination in the study area due to ASGM activities (Adewumi and Laniyan, 2020 (link)). Descriptions and details of how these indices were determined are provided as supplementary information.

Tabelin C.B., Silwamba M., Paglinawan F.C., Mondejar A.J., Duc H.G., Resabal V.J., Opiso E.M., Igarashi T., Tomiyama S., Ito M., Hiroyoshi N, & Villacorte-Tabelin M. (2020). Solid-phase partitioning and release-retention mechanisms of copper, lead, zinc and arsenic in soils impacted by artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) activities. Chemosphere, 260, 127574.

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Characterizing Calcite Formation in Flow Paths

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BTV observations were carried out in the over-cored boreholes to identify flow paths sealed by calcite due to injection of the concretion-forming resin (Supplementary Note 5). Detailed morphological occurrence of synthetically formed calcite in flow paths was characterized by SEM (S-3400N, Rigaku Co. with 15 kV acceleration voltage) of fillings taken from the over-coring core (Supplementary Note 7). The mineralogical compositions of the fracture fillings were also determined with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD; Multiflex, Rigaku Co.) using crushed and powdered samples and Cu Kα radiation (the Cu being subjected to an electron beam of 40 kV/20 mA) (Supplementary Note 8).

Yoshida H., Yamamoto K., Asahara Y., Maruyama I., Karukaya K., Saito A., Matsui H., Mochizuki A., Jo M., Katsuta N., Umemura A, & Metcalfe R. (2024). Post-earthquake rapid resealing of bedrock flow-paths by concretion-forming resin. Communications Engineering, 3, 67.

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Comprehensive Soil Characterization Protocol

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Mineralogical and chemical properties of the soils were conducted using pressed powders of the SPs (<50 µm) and analysed using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (MultiFlex, Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) (Spectro Xepos, Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) respectively. The SPs’ particle size distribution was analyzed using the laser diffraction (Microtrac^® MT3300SX, Nikkiso Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan). The total organic carbon content was calculated by the difference between total carbon content and inorganic carbon content measured by a total carbon analyzer with a solid sample combustion unit (TOC-VCSH-SSM-5000A, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan).

Mufalo W., Tangviroon P., Igarashi T., Ito M., Sato T., Chirwa M., Nyambe I., Nakata H., Nakayama S, & Ishizuka M. (2021). Solid-Phase Partitioning and Leaching Behavior of Pb and Zn from Playground Soils in Kabwe, Zambia. Toxics, 9(10), 248.

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Layered Oxides with Controlled Iron Content

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Layered oxides NaCo_1−xFe_xO₂ were prepared by solid state reaction. Na₂O₂, Co₃O₄, and Fe₂O₃ were mixed in a 1.2:1–n:n atomic ratio and calcined at 858 K for 20 h in O₂. n (= 0, 0.002, 0.005, 0.010, 0.020, and 0.005) is the nominal Fe content. Then, the product was finely ground, and again calcined in the same condition. The actual Fe content (x) in NaCo_1−xFe_xO₂ were determined by the inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) method as shown in Fig. S3 (x = 0, 0.002, 0.006, 0.012, 0.024, 0.060, respectively).
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using an X-ray powder diffractometer (MultiFlex, Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) with the Bragg–Brentano (θ–2θ) geometry. The X-ray source was the Cu Kα line (λ = 1.54 Å) operated at 40 kV and 40 mA. The observed diffraction peaks can be indexed with O3-type structure (R

\bar{3}

m; Z = 3) without detectable impurities such as defect-spinel phases (Fig. S4). The lattice constants a and c were refined by the Rietveld analysis (Rietan-FP^{22 (link)}) with a trigonal model (R

\bar{3}

m; Z = 3, hexagonal setting). Reflecting the larger ionic radius of Fe³⁺, a and c increase with x (Fig. S5).

Moriya T., Niwa H., Nitani H, & Moritomo Y. (2020). Aggregation tendency of guest Fe in NaCo1−xFexO2 (x < 0.1) as investigated by systematic EXAFS analysis. Scientific Reports, 10, 11283.

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Comprehensive Characterization of Thin Film Materials

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The crystalline phases of the deposited films were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD, MultiFlex, Cu Kα, 40 kV and 40 mA, Rigaku). The surface morphologies and textures of the films were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, SU-8020, Hitachi High-Technologies). The elemental distribution was observed an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, JEOL, JSM-7600). The light absorbance of samples in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) region was evaluated by the visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis, UV-1280, Shimadzu). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, JPS 9010 TR, JEOL) was conducted to investigate the chemical state of the samples. All measured XPS spectra were calibrated corresponding to the value of the C 1s peak at 284.4 eV using Mg Kα X-ray source with 1253.6 eV. Raman spectroscopy measurements were made LabRam Armis, Horiba Jobin Yvon instrument equipped with 532 nm laser and a microscope to focus the laser light on the film surface.

Taniguchi A., Kubota Y., Matsushita N., Ishii K, & Uchikoshi T. (2020). Solution-mediated nanometric growth of α-Fe2O3 with electrocatalytic activity for water oxidation. Nanoscale Advances, 2(9), 3933-3941.

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Characterization of Microporous Carbon Materials

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The thermal stability of the various samples was characterized using a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TA Instruments Q50, USA) at temperatures of 100–800 °C and a ramp rate of 20 °C min⁻¹ under an air atmosphere. The specific surface areas of the MPCs were determined from the nitrogen sorption isotherms acquired by a Micromeritics Tristar II 3020 surface area analyzer using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The XRD patterns of the N-MPCs activated at different temperatures were recorded with an X–ray diffractometer (Rigaku MultiFlex) (40 kV, 20 mA) using Cu Kα radiation. The carbon structures of the samples were identified using a Renishaw micro- Raman spectrometer using a He–Ne laser source with a wavelength of 633 nm. The morphologies of the MPC samples were characterized using a JEOL JEM6700 field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) with an operating voltage of 10 kV. The pore structures of the various samples were observed using a JEM-2100F Electron Microscope (HR-TEM) with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. Finally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were conducted using a VG Scientific ESCALAB 210 electron spectrometer with Mg Kα radiation and a vacuum of 2 × 10⁻⁸ Pa.

Hsu C.H., Pan Z.B., Qu H.T., Chen C.R., Lin H.P., Sun I.W., Huang C.Y, & Li C.H. (2021). Green synthesis of nitrogen-doped multiporous carbons for oxygen reduction reaction using water-caltrop shells and eggshell waste. RSC Advances, 11(26), 15738-15747.

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Characterization of Catalytic Materials

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In this experiment, the chemicals
were used without further drying or purification. The UV–visible
spectra were observed by a UV–visible spectrophotometer, (Shimadzu
Corporation, UV-2550). The XRD patterns were measured with the help
of a Rigaku MultiFlex instrument using a nickel-filtered Cu Kα
(0.15418 nm) radiation source. The SEM analyses were recorded on using
a “JEOL (JSM model 6390 LV”) scanning electron microscope,
operating at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. The elemental composition
of the catalyst was confirmed through EDX analyses (the same instrument
attached with a scanning electron microscope). The particle size distribution
was characterized by a TEM instrument (model: JEOL JEM-2010).^{66 (link)} The surface area and pore size distribution
were analyzed by BET analysis. ¹H and ¹³C spectra
were recorded in CDCl₃ using tetramethylsilane as an internal
standard on a JEOL, JNM ECS NMR spectrometer operating at 400 MHz.
Reaction products were confirmed by comparing the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra (in the Supporting Information).^{12 (link)}

Dewan A., Sarmah M., Thakur A.J., Bharali P, & Bora U. (2018). Greener Biogenic Approach for the Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Using Papaya Peel: An Eco-Friendly Catalyst for C–C Coupling Reaction. ACS Omega, 3(5), 5327-5335.

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Characterization of Ca-carbonate Mineralization

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Solution pH before and after each reaction was measured using a pH meter at room temperature (~ 20 °C). Fluid samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Agilent 5100) to quantify the dissolved components (i.e., Ca and Si). The solid samples collected after Ca carbonation were filtered, washed with Milli-Q water, and dried at 50 °C for > 24 h before measurements. Crystal structures were identified by XRD (Multiflex, Rigaku, Japan) at 40 kV and 15 mA using Cu K_α radiation, a 2θ range of 10°–60°, and a scan step of 0.02°, and the acquired data were analyzed using MDI Jade 6 software^{19 (link)}. Surface morphologies were characterized by SEM (SU-8000, Hitachi, Japan) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Crystallite sizes were estimated using MDI Jade 6 software according to the Scherrer equation. Instrumental broadening and crystallinity were not considered, as they were supposed not to influence the crystallite variation trend^{9 ,20 (link)}. Particle sizes were determined using SEM.

Wang J., Watanabe N., Inomoto K., Kamitakahara M., Nakamura K., Komai T, & Tsuchiya N. (2021). Enhancement of aragonite mineralization with a chelating agent for CO2 storage and utilization at low to moderate temperatures. Scientific Reports, 11, 13956.

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Preparation and Characterization of Arsenopyrite

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The arsenopyrite sample used in this study was obtained from Toroku mine, Miyazaki, Japan. It was crushed with a jaw crusher (BB 51, Retsch Inc., Germany), ground in a vibratory disc mill (RS 100, Retsch Inc., Germany), and then screened to obtain a size fraction of 100–150 μm. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, MultiFlex, Rigaku Corporation, Japan) confirmed that the sample is mainly composed of arsenopyrite with pyrite and quartz as minor mineral impurities (Park et al., 2018c (link)). Moreover, the sample is composed of 32.6% Fe, 30.9% As and 20.1% S, which are roughly equivalent to 67% arsenopyrite, 13% pyrite and 15% quartz (Park et al., 2018c (link)).

Park I., Tabelin C.B., Seno K., Jeon S., Inano H., Ito M, & Hiroyoshi N. (2020). Carrier-microencapsulation of arsenopyrite using Al-catecholate complex: nature of oxidation products, effects on anodic and cathodic reactions, and coating stability under simulated weathering conditions. Heliyon, 6(1), e03189.

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