Paraffin

Manufactured by Electron Microscopy Sciences

Sourced in United States

Paraffin is a wax-like solid substance derived from petroleum. It is commonly used in the preparation of biological samples for electron microscopy. Paraffin serves as an embedding medium, providing a solid support structure for the sample during sectioning and subsequent analysis.

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Lab products found in correlation

Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Xylene, by Electron Microscopy Sciences (1 mentions) Axio imager a1, by Zeiss (1 mentions) Permount, by Electron Microscopy Sciences (1 mentions) Microm hm 525, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Riboflavin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Safranin o, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Live dead viability cytotoxicity kit for mammalian cells, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Cyanine 3 tyramide, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions) Fast green fcf, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) M205 stereoscope, by Leica (1 mentions) Evos light microscope, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Permount mounting medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Superfrost plus slide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)

5 protocols using paraffin

Paraffin Embedding and H&E Staining of Tissue Samples

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After the explantation, formalin-fixed grafts were dehydrated in isopropanol during 30 h at 4°C, rinsed in distilled water, embedded in paraffin (Electron Microscopy Sciences), sectioned (5 μm), and finally mounted on glass microscope slides. For a deparaffinization, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were heated in dry oven at 60°C for 20 min, immersed in the following reagents: 3x xylene (Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 10 min, 100, 95, 70, 50, 30% ethanol for 1 min each, physiological saline for 2 min, PBS for 2 min, and finally rinsed with tap water. For hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, the sections were immersed in Harris Hematoxylin solution (Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 1 min, rinsed with tap water, immersed in 1% aqueous Eosin Y solution (Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 1 min, rinsed with tap water, dehydrated in ascending ethanol solutions (50, 70, 80, 2x 95%, and 2x 100%), and then cleared 2x with xylene. Coverslips were mounted onto a labeled glass slide with Permount (Electron Microscopy Sciences). After the staining, sections were evaluated by light microscopy (Axio Imager A1, Carl Zeiss) in a blinded fashion; three sections per stain were assessed from each rat.

Antonova L.V., Sevostyanova V.V., Kutikhin A.G., Mironov A.V., Krivkina E.O., Shabaev A.R., Matveeva V.G., Velikanova E.A., Sergeeva E.A., Burago A.Y., Vasyukov G.Y., Glushkova T.V., Kudryavtseva Y.A., Barbarash O.L, & Barbarash L.S. (2016). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Improves Physico-Mechanical Properties and Enhances Endothelialization of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/Poly(ε-caprolactone) Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts In vivo. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 7, 230.

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Histological Assessment of Aortic Intimal Hyperplasia and Calcification

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Five weeks postoperation, all rats were sacrificed by an overdose of carbon dioxide. Segments of rat abdominal aortas (≥2.5 cm) were removed, fixed in 10% (w/v) neutral phosphate buffered formalin (Electron Microscopy Sciences), embedded in paraffin (Electron Microscopy Sciences), sectioned (3 μm), and mounted on the glass microscope slides. Alternatively, for alizarin red S staining, snap-frozen tissue blocks were cut on a cryostat (Microm HM 525, Thermo Scientific), and sections were mounted on the glass microscope slides. After hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), van Gieson, von Kossa, and alizarin red S staining according to the conventional protocols, adjacent sections from each aorta were evaluated by light microscopy (Axioscop 40 Lab Microscope, Carl Zeiss) in a blinded fashion for the extent of intimal hyperplasia based on IMR and for the calcium deposits. Calcified bioprosthetic heart valve was used as a positive control. Intimal and medial areas were calculated using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health). Three sections per stain were assessed from each rat, and the mean values were estimated for the statistical analysis.

Kutikhin A.G., Velikanova E.A., Mukhamadiyarov R.A., Glushkova T.V., Borisov V.V., Matveeva V.G., Antonova L.V., Filip’ev D.E., Golovkin A.S., Shishkova D.K., Burago A.Y., Frolov A.V., Dolgov V.Y., Efimova O.S., Popova A.N., Malysheva V.Y., Vladimirov A.A., Sozinov S.A., Ismagilov Z.R., Russakov D.M., Lomzov A.A., Pyshnyi D.V., Gutakovsky A.K., Zhivodkov Y.A., Demidov E.A., Peltek S.E., Dolganyuk V.F., Babich O.O., Grigoriev E.V., Brusina E.B., Barbarash O.L, & Yuzhalin A.E. (2016). Apoptosis-mediated endothelial toxicity but not direct calcification or functional changes in anti-calcification proteins defines pathogenic effects of calcium phosphate bions. Scientific Reports, 6, 27255.

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Bovine Cartilage Histochemical Analysis

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Riboflavin, Safranin-O, Fast Green FCF, dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich); tyramine‐substituted sodium hyaluronate (873 kDa, 5.5 % substitution, w/w; LifeCore Biomedical); 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and Dublecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, LifeTechnologies); fetal bovine serum (FBS, Atlanta Biologicals); 10% formalin, xylene (Pharmco-Aaper); paraffin (Electron Microscopy Sciences); cyanine-3 tyramide (Perkin Elmer); LIVE/DEAD® Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit for mammalian cells and Penicillin-Streptomycin (ThermoFisher Scientific). All chemicals were used without further purification. Immature bovine knees were obtained from a local abattoir.

Donnelly P.E., Chen T., Finch A., Brial C., Maher S.A, & Torzilli P.A. (2017). Photocrosslinked Tyramine-Substituted Hyaluronate Hydrogels with Tunable Mechanical Properties Improve Immediate Tissue‐Hydrogel Interfacial Strength in Articular Cartilage. Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition, 28(6), 582-600.

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Lung Metastasis Histological Analysis

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After fixation in 10% formalin, lungs were transferred to 70% ethanol and stored overnight at room temperature. Tissues were dehydrated through a series of graded alcohols, and infiltrated with paraffin (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Tissues were embedded in paraffin and sectioned (thickness = 7 μm) on a microtome. Sections were transferred to SuperFrost Plus slides (Fisher) and allowed to dry overnight on a slide warmer (Fisher). paraffin removal was initiated by several washed in xylene, and followed by rehydration of the tissues in a series of graded alcohols. Tissues were stained in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) solutions followed by a clearing solution of xylene. After staining, Permount^TM mounting medium (Fisher) was applied to each slide and covered with a 60 mm cover slip (Fisher). Slides were allowed to dry at room temperature overnight and then placed in a drying oven until completely dry. Images of H&E stained slides were taken using a Leica M205 Stereoscope (Leica) as well as an EVOS light microscope (Life Technologies). Macrometastases were counted under 4.32x magnification on the Leica M205 Stereoscope. Micrometastases were counted from H&E stained non-sequential sections (n = 5) from each tissue sample using an EVOS light microscope. Images were subsequently analyzed for total tumor area using ImageJ software (NIH).

Shidal C., Inaba J.I., Yaddanapudi K, & Davis K.R. (2017). The soy-derived peptide Lunasin inhibits invasive potential of melanoma initiating cells. Oncotarget, 8(15), 25525-25541.

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Histological analysis of lung tissue

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Fixed lung tissue was dehydrated using ethanol and xylene and embedded in paraffin (Electron Microscopy Science, Hatfield, PA, USA). Lung sectioning, subsequent staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Masson’s Trichrome, and slide scanning (40X) were conducted at the Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics (Toronto, ON).

Woo L.N., Guo W.Y., Wang X., Young A., Salehi S., Hin A., Zhang Y., Scott J.A, & Chow C.W. (2018). A 4-Week Model of House Dust Mite (HDM) Induced Allergic Airways Inflammation with Airway Remodeling. Scientific Reports, 8, 6925.

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