3 4 dihydroxyphenethylamine hydrochloride

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) was immobilized onto microcarriers through their surface treatment using poly(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) (PDA). Microcarriers were immersed in 2 mg/mL 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in a 10 mM Tris buffer for 6 h with mild shaking. The microcarriers were then separated and washed with deionized water. Subsequently, functionalized microcarriers were incubated in 500 ng/mL BMP-2 solution at 37 °C under mild shaking overnight. Microcarriers were then washed with sterile PBS, freeze-dried and stored in a sterile condition for further usage. The immobilization efficiency of BMP-2 was measured based on washout BMP-2 content by an ELISA kit (Cell Applications Inc.) as described elsewhere^{19 (link)}. The content of BMP-2 was recorded as ng/ml of solution. In order to study BMP-2 release profile, the conjugated microcarriers were suspended in 1 mL PBS at pH 7.4, and incubated at 37 °C. At scheduled time during 28-days following incubation time, a release sample was collected and replaced with the same volume of fresh filtered medium.